Bibliography

Immigrant Servants Database

Geographical Arrangement Alphabetical Arrangement

Geographical Arrangement

Immigrant servants listed in the following sources have been added to the database.

American Colonies

General

Adams, John C. Adams Family History: Adams, Armbrust, Bahns, Bartunek, Catlett, Christopherson, Dent, Dulaney, Fothergill, Gorsuch, Halbert, Harders, Horst, Jacobs, Jamison, Jensen, Klimes, Klein, Kocourek, Lindsey, Lovelace, Madison, Martin, McCaslin, Moffett, Nower, Parker, Povall, Rolfs, Rountree, Sampson, Sasson, Schonk, Severa, Sherill, Somerman, Slavens, Smith, Stuart, Taliaferro, Toby, Todd, True, Wheeler, Young. Bloomington, Indiana: Author House, 2004.
Alderman, Clifford Lindsey. Colonists for Sale: The Story of Indentured Servants in America. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975.
Bailyn, Bernard. Atlantic History: Concept and Contours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005.
____. Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.
Berlin, Ira. “Time, Space, and the Evolution of Afro-American Society on British Mainland North America,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Feb 1980), pp. 44-78.
“Biography for James Earl Jones,” Earth’s Biggest Movie Database.
Donnan, Elizabeth. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, Vol. IV: The Border Colonies and the Southern Colonies. New York: Octagon Books, Inc., 1965.
Grubb, Farley. “Immigrant Servant Labor: Their Occupational and Geographic Distribution in the Late Eighteenth-Century Mid-Atlantic Economy,” Social Science History, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Summer 1985).
____. “The Market for Indentured Immigrants: Evidence on the Efficiency of Forward-Labor Contracting in Philadelphia, 1745-1773,” The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Dec 1985).
Heinegg, Paul. “Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware.”
Hillman, Florence M. American Patriots: The Hillman Family of West New Jersey. Woodbury, New Jersey: The Gloucester County Historical Society, 1999.
Kulikoff, Allan. From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Menard, Russell R. “British Migration to the Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century,” in Migrants, Servants and Slaves: Unfree Labor in Colonial British America. Burlington, Vermont: Valorium, 2001.
Murphy, Nathan W. “Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants: American and English Sources,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 93, No. 1 (March 2005).
Risch, Erna. “Immigrant Aid Societies Before 1820,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jan 1936): 15-33.
Roe, Melissa A. “Differential Tolerances and Accepted Punishments for Disobedient Indentured Servants and Their Masters in Colonial Courts,” Honor’s Thesis, Lafayette College, 1996.

Delaware

Davenport, Florence Springer. “Springer and Related Family Genealogical Collection,” Microfilm 2055165 Item 5, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Simpson, Hazel B. “Genealogical Data of the Springer Family,” National Library of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Washington, D.C., Microfilm 875384 Item 9, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Springer, Courtland B. and Carl Christopherson Springer, Charles Christopher Springer’s Letter to His Mother. n.p.: n.p., 1949, Microfilm 2055165 Item 6, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
_____, Ruth L. Springer, American-Swedish Historical Foundation. Charles Springer of Christina. n.p.: n.p., 1949.

Georgia

Coulter, E. Merton and Albert B. Saye. A List of the Early Settlers of Georgia. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1949.
Gnann, Pearl Rahn. Georgia Salzburgers and Allied Families, Vols. I-IV. Greenville, South Carolina: Southern Historical Press, 1956-2003.
John Adam Treutlen, Georgia Salzburger Society.
Schmidt, Jim. “Jim Adam Treutlen (1733-1782),” The New Georgia Encyclopedia.
Shuptrine, Harry R. The Shuptrine Family. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1992.
Strobel, Philip A. The Salzburgers and Their Descendants: Being the History of a Colony of German (Lutheran) Protestants, Who Emigrated to Georgia in 1734, and Settled at Ebenezer, Twenty-five Miles Above the City of Savannah. Baltimore: T. Newton Kurtz, 1855.

Kentucky

Lincks, George. Lincks’ Trunk and Branches 1795-1985. Auburndale, Florida: G.O. Lincks, 1986.

Maryland

Bellis, Mary. “Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806).”
Bogen, David S. “Mathius de Sousa; Maryland’s First Colonist of African Descent,” Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 96, No. 1 (Spring 2001): 68-85.
Brasher, Charles and Shirley Brasher McCoy. Brazier/Brasher Saga: 300 Years of the Brasher/Brazier/Brashier/Brasier Family in America. 1998.
Buckley, Kenneth Welch. The Descendants of Butler Buckley and Elizabeth Story, 1710-1994. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1995.
Cole, Wayne S. A Great Adventure: The Story of the Paternal Ancestry of Thomas Roy Cole. Silver Spring, Maryland: Wayne S. Cole, 1995.
Day, Maria A. “Mathias de Sousa, MSA SC 3520-2810.”
Donson, Gladys and Lawrence F. Athy. The Thomas Flora Family of London, Maryland & Virginia. Houston, Texas: Donath Publishing, 1995.
“First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor,” National First Ladies’ Library.
Heavrin, Russell F. and Charles A. Heavrin. New Land, a Heavrin – Heavrin – Heaverin Family History. Bountiful, Utah: Family History Publishers, 1992.
Hurley, William Neal. Hurley and Related Families. Gaithersburg, Maryland: Sir Speedy, 1992.
Kennedy, Jesse and Macon A. Smith. “The Jesse Kennedy Manuscript,” 1852, published transcript, 929.273 K38kj, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
_____ and Julia Agnes Kennedy Bell. Kennedy Family. n.p.: n.p., n.d., 929.273 K38kjs v. 1-2, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
McCormac, Eugene Irving. “White Servitude in Maryland 1634-1820,” Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Ser. XXII, No. 3-4 (1904).
McGowan, John B. “Servants Transported in 1674 on the Ship Batchelor of Bristoll, Samuell Gibbons, Master,” USGenWeb.
Menard, Russell R. “From Servant to Freeholder: Status Mobility and Property Accumulation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 30, No. 1 (Jan 1973).
Russell, George Ely. “Molly Welsh: Alleged Grandmother of Benjamin Banneker,” NGS Quarterly, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Dec 2006): 305-314.
Russell, George Ely and Donna Valley Russell. The Ark and the Dove Adventurers. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 2005.
Smith, Macon A. My Kennedy Family. n.p.: n.p., n.d., 929.273 K38s, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Teagle, Winton and Terrence Lindemer. The Teagle Family ‘From Then Til Now.’ Spartanburg, South Carolina: The Reprint Company, Publishers, 1992.
Vile, John. “Indentured Servants,” The Constitutional Convention of 1787.

New England

Barrett, Helen L. Three Hundred Years of Covells: Nathaniel Covell, 1633-1685, Sarah, His Wife, 1644-1715. Kent, Ohio: H.L. Barrett, 198?.
Banks, Charles E. “Scotch Prisoners Deported to New England by Cromwell, 1651-52,” The Essex Genealogist, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 9-15.
Bundy, Wilson Woodrow. The Roots and Shoots of Will and Dell Bundy … Ford, Washington: W.H. Bundy Family, 1990.
Delorey, Janet Ireland. “Robert Rogers, ‘A Cheddar Man,’ of Newbury, Massachusetts,” New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 140 (Jul 1986): 203-210.
Johnson, Caleb. “Complete Mayflower Passenger List,” MayflowerHistory.com.
Johnson, Dorothy Mae Serviss. The Serviss & Hollenbeck and Thomson & Ross Families and Their Johnnycake Journey in North America … Westwood, Massachusetts: D.S. Johnson, 1999.
Martin, Lou Ella Johnson and William A. Martin. George Darling of Lynn & Marblehead and Some of His Descendants, 1650 to 1920. Placentia, California: Creative Continuum, 2001.
Pray, Donald Everett. Early Welch Descendants of New England. East Lebanon, Maine: Lionside Business Services, 1996.
Ray, Peter. A History of the Families of Edward Tinsley Ray and Isabel Douglass Curtis, Vols. I-II. Darien, Connecticut: n.p., 1998.
Sinnett, C.N. Walter Merryman of Harpswell, Maine and His Descendants. Concord, New Hampshire: Rumford Printing Company, 1905.
Smith, Rollin C. Our Smith Family: One Branch Descended from Robert Smith (1626-1693) of Kirton, England and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Kingman, Arizona: R.C. Smith, 1982.
Taylor, David Lyman. A Heritage of Leavers. Brevard, North Carolina: D.L. Taylor, 1999.
Tidd, Howard W. A History of the Tidds of Ohio. n.p.: n.p., n.d.
Tinkham, Kenneth Ira. Tinkham, A Biographical Index: Compiled from Public Records, Personal Recollections, and Assorted Family Histories . Centralia, Washington: K.I. Tinkham, 1994.
Towner, Lawrence W. “‘A Fondness for Freedom:’ Servant Protest in Puritan Society,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 19 (Apr 1962): 201-219.
Whipple, Charles M. A History of Captain John and Sarah Whipple of Dorchester, Massachusetts and Providence, Rhode Island 1617-1685: A Multigenerational Study of the First Whipple Family in America. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing, 2007.
_____. A History of William Whipple of Dorchester, Massachusetts and Smithfield, Rhode Island 1652-1712: His Antecedents and Descendants. Victoria, Canada: Trafford Publishing, 2006.
White, Elizabeth Pearson. John Howland of the Mayflower: The First Five Generations, 2 vols. Camden, Maine: Picton Press, 1990.

New Jersey

Jackson, Ray and Ernie Halsell. A Supplement to a Newman Story, 1600-1995. n.p.: R. Jackson, 1995.
Pomfret, John E. “The Proprietors of the Province of East New Jersey, 1682-1702,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 77, No. 3 (Jul 1953): 251-293.

New York

Bayles, Howard Green and Frederick Phinney Bayles. The Bayles Families of Long Island and New Jersey and Their Descendants: Also the Ancestors of James Bayles and Julia Halsey Day. Houston, Texas: H.G. Bayles, 1944.
Commemorative Biographical Record of Dutchess County, New York: Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens, and of Many of the Early Settled Families. Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1897. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner(s)’ and ‘indentured’]
“Sir William Johnson,” Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen. Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts: Being the Letters of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, 1630-1643, and Other Documents Relating to the Colony of Rensselaerswyck. Albany, New York: University of the State of New York, 1908.

North Carolina

Bassett, John Spencer. “Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North Carolina,” Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. 14 (1896).
Gehrke, William H. “The Beginning of the Pennsylvanian-German Element in Rowan and Cabarrus Counties, North Carolina,” Penn State ‘s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 58, Number 4 (October 1934), 342-369.
Walton, Linda L. Kirkham. A Scott Saga: Descendants of Simon Scott, Kidnapped from Scotland. San Jose, California: L.K. Walton, 1981.

Pennsylvania

Adams, Rolland L. Adams Family History: A History of Joseph Washington Adams and John Leedy Snyder, Both of Newport, Pennsylvania and of their Ancestors and Descendants. n.p.: n.p., 1971.
Albert, George Dallas. History of the County of Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co., 1882. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner’]
“Biography of Thomas A. Hendricks, US Vice President VP,” Hendricks Mn.com.
Butterfield, L.H. “Dr. Benjamin Rush’s Journal of a Trip to Carlisle in 1784,” Penn State ‘s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 74, No. 4 (October 1950), 443-456.
Clark, Dennis. “Babes in Bondages: Indentured Irish Children in Philadelphia in the Nineteenth Century,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Oct 1977): 475-486.
Commemorative Biographical Encyclopedia of the Juniata Valley : Comprising the Counties of Huntingdon, Mifflin, Juniata and Perry, Pennsylvania. Containing Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens and Many of the Early Settlers, Vol. I. Chamberburg, Pennsylvania: J.M. Runk & Co., 1897. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner’]
Commemorative Biographical Record of Wayne County, Ohio Containing Biographical Sketches of Prominent and Representative Citizens, and of Many of the Early Settled Families. Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1889. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner(s)’ and ‘indentured’]
Cox, Kenny Ray. Cox Characters: Conclusions to Confusions. Utica, Kentucky: McDowell Publications, 2000.
“Dr. John’s History of Denver [Pennsylvania],” 1896, The Leisey Family Website, accessed 19 May 2008.
Futhey, J. Smith and Gilbert Cope, History of Chester County, Pennsylvania with Genealogical and Biographical Sketches. Philadelphia: Louis H. Everts, 1881. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner’]
Geiser, Karl F. “Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania,” Supplement to Yale Review, Vol. 10 (Aug 1901).
Hart, Charles Henry. “Colonel Robert Lettis Hooper, Deputy Quarter-Master-General in the Continental Army and Vice-President of New Jersey,” Penn State ‘s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1912), 60-91.
Historic Background and Annals of the Swiss and German Pioneer Settlers of Southeastern Pennsylvania, and of Their Remote Ancestors, from the Middle of the Dark Ages, Down to the Time of the Revolutionary War. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: n.p., 1917. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner’]
History of Bedford, Somerset and Fulton counties, Pennsylvania : with Illustrations and Biographical Sketches of Some of its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Chicago: Waterman, Watkins & Co., 1884. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner’]
Hook, James William. Capt. James Hook of Greene County, Pennsylvania. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edward Brothers, Inc., 1952.
Jackson, I. Ernest and Brenna Lee Hobson Budd, Genealogy of the Jackson Family: Their Legendary History from Eleventh Century in England and the Authentic History of Ephraim Jackson, the First Emigrant to America, 1687, and His Descendants to January 1, 1953: A Survey of the Jacksons and Their Kin in America. San Marcos, California: B.H. Budd, 1995.
Jordan, John W. A History of the Juniata Valley and Its People, Vol. I. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1913. [keyword search for ‘redemptioner.’]
Lane, Ralph H. The Scothorn Family. Washington, D.C.: R.H. Lane, 1955.
Leisey, Donald E. “Joseph Leisey’s trip down the Rhine River on his way to the Colonies,” The Leisey Family Website, accessed 19 May 2008.
McAnally, James L. The McAnally Family. Columbia, Tennessee: J.L. McAnally, 1976.
McAnally, Thomas S. The McAnallys: Descendants of Hamilton and Winifred. Nashville, Tennessee: T.S. McAnally, 1988.
Merrill, James H. Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.
Moncure, Sue. “‘Souls for Sale,’ Memoirs of Early German Immigrants,” UDaily, University of Delaware, November 10, 2006.
Montgomery, Morton L. Historical and Biographical Annals of Berks County, Pennsylvania: Embracing a Concise History of the County and a Genealogical and Biographical Record of Representative Families, Vols. I-II. Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1909. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner’]
Packer, Warren M. A Short History of the Family of Philip Packer. St. Louis, Michigan: W.M. Packer, 1949.
Pim, William. His Book, 1739-1751, For Recording Assignments of Servants, Etc. Chester County Historical Society, West Chester, Pennsylvania, Microfilm 20994 Item 3, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Preston, Thomas L. Reminiscences of an Octogenarian. Richmond, Virginia: B.F. Johnson Publishing Co., 1900.
Riddle, William. Cherished Memories of Old Lancaster-Town and Shire. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Intelligencer Printing House, 1910.
Salinger, Sharon. “Artisans, Journeymen, and the Transformation of Labor in Late Eighteenth Century Philadelphia,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan 1983): 62-84.
Salinger, Sharon V. “To serve well and faithfully,” Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Sechrest, Eldric Norman. Musgrave: Northern Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1682. South Pasadena, California: E.N. Sechrest, 2003.
Shartle, Stanley Musgrave. A History of a Quaker Branch of the Musgrave Family of the North of Ireland, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Illinois, and Elsewhere, with Selected Papers Relating to the Ancient and Landed Musgraves of England. Evansville, Indiana: Evansville Bindery, Inc., 1995.
Shue, Kevin. “From the Leisey Family File – Lancaster County Historical Society, Lancaster, PA,” The Leisey Family Website, 1976, accessed 19 May 2008.
Smith, Billy G. “Walking Moraley’s Streets: Philadelphia,” Common-Place: Special Issue: Early Cities of the Americas, Vol. 3, No. 4 (July 2003).
Smith, Patricia Doyle. Peter and Serena Pace Pope Their Families… n.p.: n.p., n.d.
Stewart, Hugh J., Gladys Barnes, Lois George-Smith, and Chris Stewart, A Stewart Lineage: Ancestors and Descendants of Irenius Dow Stewart (1845-1918). Tucson, Arizona: n.p., 1999.
Ward, Matthew C. “An Army of Servants: The Pennsylvania Regiment during the Seven Years’ War,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 119, No. ½ (Jan/Apr 1995): 75-94.
Wilson, John Esq. Docket [of Servant Registrations and Marriages], Buck County, Pennsylvania 1775-1805, Bu 8A, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Microfilm 387839, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Wulf, Karin. Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2000.

South Carolina

Bridges, Anne Baker Leland and Roy Williams III. St. James Santee Plantation Parish: History and Records, 1685-1925. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company Publishers, 1997.
Bumpus, Bettie. “Indentured Servants in Colonial South Carolina: Primary and Secondary Sources,” Genealogical Journal, Vol 9, No. 1 (Mar 1980): 19-23.
Shatzman, Aaron M. Servants into Planters: The Origin of an American Image: Land Acquisition and Status Mobility in Seventeenth-Century South Carolina. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1989.
Smith, Warren B. Smith. White Servitude in Colonial South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1961.

Virginia

Ames, Susie M. Ames. County Court Records of Accomack-Northampton, Virginia 1640-1645. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1973. [search restricted to subject index]
“Bacon’s Men in Surrey,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Apr 1898), 368-373.
Bates, Edward Bryant. Brief History of the Goodwin Family of Augusta, Botetourt and Tazewell Counties of Virginia. Bass Lake, California: E. Bates, 198?.
Bean, R. Bennett. The Peopling of Virginia. Boston: Chapman & Grimes, Inc., 1938. [search restricted to subject index]
Bell, Landon C. Charles Parish, York County, Virginia, History and Registers: Births, 1648-1789, Deaths, 1665-1787. 1932; reprint, Richmond: Virginia: Virginia State Library, 1984. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
Bellini, Charles and Thomas Jefferson, “Charles Bellini, First Professor of Modern Languages in an American College,” William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine, 2nd series, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan 1925): 12.
Belt, Walter E. About 900 Descendants of Humphrey Belt 1615-1696: Forefather of Belt Families in America. 1997.
_____. “Humphrey Belt First Draft Research Notes,” accessed 29 May 2008.
Berkeley, Edmund. “The Diary, Correspondence, and Papers of Robert “King” Carter of Virginia, 1701-1732.” [Keyword searched for servant and variants.]
Bockstruck, Lloyd Dewitt. “Passenger Lists of the Ship Charming Mary to Essex County, Virginia,” The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 26 (1982): 219-220.
Braddy, Edward Boyd. “Servants and Freedmen in Colonial Virginia, 1619 to 1670,” M.A. Thesis, James Madison University, 1997.
Brand, Franklin Marion and John Brand. The Brand Family of Monongalia County, Virginia (now West Virginia). Morgantown, West Virginia: F.M. Brand, 1922.
Breen, T.H., James H. Lewis, and Keith Schlesinger. “Motive for Murder: A Servant’s Life in Virginia, 1678,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan 1983): 106-120.
“Brooke Shields,” Wikipedia.
Buck, Rebekah Ann. “The Decline of Indentured Servitude in Seventeenth-Century Tobacco Colonies” M.L.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, 2000.
Cantwell, John A. “Imported Indentured White Servitude in Fairfax and Prince William Counties, 1750-1800,” M.A. Thesis, George Mason University, 1986.
Chalkley, Lyman. Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement in Virginia, Vols. 1-3. 1912; reprint, Baltimore, 1974.
Chamberlayne, C.G. The Vestry Book and Register of St. Peter’s Parish, New Kent and James City Counties, Virginia, 1684-1786. n.p.: n.p., 1973. [search restricted to subject index]
Collins, Carolyn Huebner. The Wathen Genealogy. South Bend, Indiana: C.H. Collins, 1999.
Costa, Tom. “Virginia Runaways,” The Geography of Slavery in Virginia.
Davis, Richard Beale, ed. William Fitzhugh and His Chesapeake World, 1676-1701. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1963.
“Decisions of the General Court,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Jan 1898), 233-241.
Dorman, John Frederick et al. Adventurers of Purse and Person: Virginia, 1607-1624/5, Vol. I-II. 1956; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004-2005.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Deeds and Wills, Vol. 1, 1658-1661. Washington, District of Columbia: J.F. Dorman, 1964.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part One. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1982.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Two 1679-1682. Washington, D.C.: J.F. Dorman, 1983.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Three 1682-1684. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1985.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Four 1684/5-1685/6. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Five 1685/6-1687. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Six 1687-1688/9. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part One 1690/1-1692. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1962.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part Two 1692-1694. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1963.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part Three 1694-1698. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1964.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1698-1705, Part One 1698-1705. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1978.
_____. York County, Virginia Deeds, Orders, Wills, Etc., No. 8, 1687-1691, Part One. Washington, D.C.: J.F. Dorman, 1974.
_____. York County, Virginia Deeds, Orders, Wills, Etc., No. 9, 1691-1694, Part One. Washington, D.C.: J.F. Dorman, 1976.
Dunn, Richard. Warwick County, Virginia Colonial Court Records in Transcription. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2002.
Dyer, G.W. Democracy in the South Before the Civil War. Nashville, Tennessee: Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1905.
Edgerton, Jesse. Edgerton Genealogy, 1762-1927. Wooster, Ohio: n.p., 1927.
Gambrell, Thomas Ross. An Ancestral History: 8 B.C. to 1986. Baltimore, Maryland: Gateway Press, Inc., 2001.
Gianniny, O. Allan and Robert Lewis Giannini. The Giannini’s of Virginia, 3rd ed. Charlottesville, Virginia: n.p., 1999.
Gill, Harold B. “Apprentices from Christ’s Hospital Make Good in America,” Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (Autumn 1998): 15-18.
Greene, Jack P. The Diary of Colonel Landon Carter of Sabine Hall, 1752-1778. Charlottesville, Virginia: Virginia Historical Society, 1965.
Handy, Isaac W.K. Annals and Memorials of the Handys and Their Kindred . Ann Arbor, Michigan: William L. Clements Library, 1992.
Haun, Weynette Parks. Surry County, Virginia Court Records (Deed Book I) 1664 thru 1671, Book II. Durham, North Carolina: W.P. Haun, 1987.
_____. Surry County, Virginia Court Records 1672-1682, Book III. Durham, North Carolina: W.P. Haun, 1989. [search restricted to subject index]
Jack, Jordan Thurlow. Edward Griffin: Our First Griffin (Griffen) Ancestor in America and His Descendants 1602-1995. 2000.
Jeffery, Jill Nock. “‘More Like a Monster Than a Man,’ The Case of Henry Smith and the Accomack Court,” DelmarvaSettlers.org.
Jones, Natasha. “Richard Chambers,” DelmarvaSettlers.org.
Jones, W. Mac. The Douglas Register: Being a Detailed Record of Births, Marriages and Deaths Together with Other Interesting Notes, As Kept by the Rev. William Douglas, from 1750 to 1797 [Virginia]. Richmond, Virignia: J.W. Fergusson & Sons, 1928.
King, George Harrison Sanford. The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 1663-1814 and Lunenburg Parish, 1783-1800, Richmond County, Virginia. Fredericksburg, Virginia: G.H.S. King, 1966. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
_____. The Register of Overwharton Parish, Stafford County, Virginia 1723-1758 and Sundry Historical and Genealogical Notes. Fredericksburg, Virginia: G.H.S. King, 1961. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
_____. The Register of Saint Paul’s Parish 1715-1798, Stafford County, Virginia 1715-1776, King George County, Virginia 1777-1798. Fredericksburg, Virginia: George Harrison Sanford King, 1960. [searched burials/deaths only]
Little, Barbara Vines. Orange County, Virginia, Tithables: 1734-1782, Part One. Orange, Virginia: Dominion Market Research Corporation, 1988.
_____. Orange County, Virginia, Tithables: 1734-1782, Part Two. Orange, Virginia: Dominion Market Research Corporation, 1988.
McKey, JoAnn Riley. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1663-1666, Vol. I. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1666-1670, Vol. II. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1671-1673, Vol. III. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1673-1676, Vol. IV. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1676-1678, Vol. V. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1997.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1678-1682, Vol. VI. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1682-1690, Vol. VII. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1690-1697, Vol. VIII. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1999.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1697-1703, Vol. IX. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1999.
Matheny, Emma Robertson et al. Kingston Parish Register, Gloucester and Mathews Counties, 1749-1827 (Richmond, Virginia: E.R. Matheny and H.K. Yates, 1963).
Mears, Robert L. “Henry Smith: The Eastern Shore’s Meanest Man.”
Miller, Lynne D. North Carolina Ballards Revised. Lincolnton, North Carolina: L.D. Miller, 1998.
Morton, Louis and Robert Carter. Robert Carter of Nomini Hall: A Virginia Tobacco Planter of the Eighteenth Century. Williamsburg, Virginia: Colonial Williamsburg, 1941.
Morton, Oren F. A History of Rockbridge County, Virginia. Staunton, Virginia: The McClure Co., Inc., 1920. [keyword searched for indentured servant and redemptioner(s)]
Murphy, Nathan W. “Cornelius McDermott Roe: Indentured Servant of George Washington,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Jun 2007).
_____. “Gateway to Europe: The Immigrant Servants Database,” Virginia Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. XXXIII (2007).
Perry, James R. The Formation of a Society on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1615-1655. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990. [search restricted to subject index]
Probing the Past: Virginia and Maryland Probate Inventories, 1740-1810. [keyword search for “serv,” “serve,” and “servant.”]
Ransome, David R. “Wives for Virginia, 1621,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan 1991): 3-18.
Register of Abingdon Parish, Gloucester County, Virginia, 1678-1761, Microfilm 30159, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
Register of Bristol Parish, Prince George and Dinwiddie Counties, Virginia, Microfilm 30625, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
Rhys, Isaac. The Transformation of Virginia 1740-1790. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1982. [search restricted to subject index]
Richards, Gertrude R.B. Register of Albemarle Parish, Surry and Sussex Counties [Virginia], 1739-1778. Richmond, Virginia: National Society Colonial Dames of America in the Commonwealth, 1958. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
Rigby, Henry W. Early Spencers of Virginia. Charlotte, North Carolina: H.W. Rigby, 1986.
Salmon, Emily J. and Edward D. C. Campbell Jr. The Hornbook of Virginia History: A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion’s People, Places, and Past. Richmond: The Library of Virginia, 1994
Sansone, Tina. “Indentured Servants,” Bella Online: The Voice of Women.
“Some Soldiers in the French and Indian War, 1756-1757,” The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Jan-Mar 1963): 36.
Sparacio, Ruth and Sam Sparacio. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1656-1661. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1993.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1662-1666. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1993.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1666-1669. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1993.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1674-1678. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998. [incomplete]
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1678-1681. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1993.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1682-1687 . McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1687-1691. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1691-1695. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1695-1699 . McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1696-1702. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1673-1678. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1989.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1677-1680. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1989.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1680-1686. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1989.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1686-1690. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1690-1694. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1697-1700. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995. [search restricted to subject index]
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia, 1652-1657, Vol. I. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia, 1657-1661, Vol. II. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia, 1661-1665, Vol. III. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia 1665-1669, Vol. IV. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia 1669-1673, Vol. V. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia 1674-1677, Vol. VI. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia 1677-1679, Vol. VII. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of (Old) Rappahannock County, Virginia 1683-1685. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1990.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Richmond County, Virginia 1692-1694. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1991.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Richmond County, Virginia 1694-1697. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1991.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Richmond County, Virginia 1697-1699. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1991.
Snelgrove, Price Charles. Freeman Snelgrove and Some of His Descendants. Alford, Florida: P.C. Snelgrove, 1993.
Stanard, Mary Newton. Colonial Virginia: Its People and Customs . Detroit: Singing Tree Press, 1970.
Stanton, Lucia C. “Indentured Servants at Monticello.” Unpublished paper prepared for Jefferson Library Research Desk, 2005.
Sweig, Donald. “White Indentured Servitude in Fairfax County: New Evidence is Discovered,” Fairfax Chronicles, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 1978): 1-2, 4.
Thompson, Mary V. “A Compendium of Hired and Indentured Laborers at George Washington’s Mount Vernon.” Unpublished paper prepared for the Mount Vernon Ladies’ Association, 10/16/2003-10/6/2006.
Turner, Florence Kimberly. Gateway to the New World: A History of Princess Anne County, Virginia 1607-1824. Easley, South Carolina: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1984. [Search limited to Chapter 4: Indentured Servants and Slaves.]
The Vain Prodigal Life, and Tragical Penitent Death of Thomas Hellier Born at Whitchurch near Lyme in DORSET-SHIRE: Who for Murdering his Master, Mistress, and a Maid, was Executed according to Law at Westover in Charles City, in the Country of Virginia, neer the Plantation called Hard Labour, where he perpetrated the said Murders. He Suffer’d on Munday the 5th of August, 1678. And was after Hanged up in Chains at Windmill-Point on James River… (London, 1680). [reproduced in full in Breen’s article.]
Vogt, John. Register for Bruton Parish, Virginia, 1662-1797. Athens, Georgia: New Papyrus Co., 2004.
Walczyk, Frank V. Northampton/Accomacke [Counties, Virginia] Orders, Deeds and Wills, Book 1, 1632-1640. Coram, New York: Peters Row, 2003.
_____. Northampton County, Virginia Orders & Wills 1678-1683. Coram, New York: Peter’s Row, 2002.
_____. Northampton County, Virginia Orders & Wills 1683-1689, Vol. I 1683-1686. Coram, New York: Peter’s Row, 2001. [Search limited to subject index.]
_____. Northampton County, Virginia Orders & Wills 1694-1698, Vol. II 1694-1698. Coram, New York: Peter’s Row, 2000. [Search limited to subject index.]
_____. Northumberland County Record Book 1652-1658. Coram, New York: Peter’s Row, 2002.
Weaver, Glenn. The Italian Presence in Colonial Virginia. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1988.
Weisiger, Benjamin B. York County, Virginia Records 1659-1662. n.p.: n.p., 1989.
_____. York County, Virginia Records 1665-1672. n.p.: n.p.: 1987.
_____. York County, Virginia Records 1672-1676. n.p.: n.p.: 1991.
Yurechko, John Otto. Christ Church Parish Register Middlesex County, Virginia: 1653-1812. Westminster, Maryland: Family Line Publications, 1996.

West Indies

Beckles, Hilary McD. “A ‘riotous and unruly lot:’ Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies, 1644-1713,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct 1990): 503-522.
____. “Plantation Production and White ‘Proto-Slavery:’ White Indentured Servants and the Colonisation of the English West Indies, 1624-1645,” The Americas, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Jan 1985): 21-45.
____. White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados, 1627-1715. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1989.
Kent, David L. Barbados and America. Arlington, Virginia: C.M. Kent, 1980. [search restricted to parish register burials]
Oliver, Vere Langford. Caribbeana, Being Miscellaneous Papers Relating to the History, Genealogy, Topography, and Antiquities of the British West Indies, Vol. II. London: Mitchell Hughes and Clarke, 1912. [Added all non-military titled men from 1678 Montserrat Census]
Pulsipher, Lydia M.“Galways Plantation, Montserrat,” in Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis, Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Celebration. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991, 138-159.

Europe

General

Hancock, David. Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Harrower, John and E.M. Riley, ed. The Journal of John Harrower, An Indentured Servant in the Colony of Virginia, 1773-1776. Williamsburg, Virginia: Distributed by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1963.

England

“A Sentence of Indenture, 1775,” The Illinois Labor History Society, accessed 13 May 2007.
Apprenticeship Indentures, Reference DC/LR/M/9, Lyme Regis Borough, Dorset Record Office, Dorchester, England.
Bundle of Overseers’ Papers, Brockenhurst Parish, Hampshire, England, 4M81/PO32/17, Hampshire Record Office, Winchester, England.
French, Elizabeth. “List of Emigrants to America from Liverpool,” The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vols. 64-65 (1910-1911).
Galenson, David. “Agreements to Serve in America and the West Indies, 1727-31,” Genealogists Magazine (London), Vol. 19, No. 2 (Jun 1977): 40-44.
Grant, Alison. “Emigration from Devon in the Seventeenth Century,” Michael Duffy et al, The New Maritime History of Devon, Volume I: From Early Times to the Late Eighteenth Century. London: Conway Maritime Press Ltd, 1992.
Hockedy, Doreen M. “Bound for a New World: Emigration of Indentured Servants Via Liverpool to America and the West Indies, 1697-1707,” Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire, Vol. 144 (1994).
Murphy, Nathan W. “Devon’s Supply of Indentured Servants: 1655-1660,” M.A. Dissertation, University of Leicester, 2005.
_____. “Devon’s Supply of North American and Caribbean Indentured Servants: 1655-1660,” Genealogists’ Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Mar 2007): 3-12.
Salerno, Anthony. “The Character of Emigration from Wiltshire to the American Colonies, 1630-1660,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1977.
_____. “The Social Background of Seventeenth-Century Emigration to America,” Journal of British Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Autumn 1979), 31-52.
Whaite, Joy. From Little Dean to Enoggera. Bellangry, Australia: J.L. Whaite, 1994.

France

Choquette, Leslie. Frenchmen into Peasants: Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French Canada. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Germany

Wokeck, Marianne S. Trade in Strangers: The Beginnings of Mass Migration to North America. University Park, Pennsylvania: Pennsylvania State University Press, 1999.

Ireland

Griffin, Patrick. The People with No Name: Ireland’s Ulster Scots, America’s Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689-1764. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Kaufmann, Paulette Clark. “David Selleck, of Somerset, England, and of Massachusetts and Virginia: Soap Maker and Merchant Trader,” The Genealogist, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring 2005): 3-40.
Kelly, Gerry. Irish Slavery in America, The Gerry Tobin Irish Language School.

Italy

Bellini, Charles and Thomas Jefferson, “Charles Bellini, First Professor of Modern Languages in an American College,” William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine, 2nd series, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan 1925): 12.
Gianniny, O. Allan and Robert Lewis Giannini. The Giannini’s of Virginia, 3rd ed. Charlottesville, Virginia: n.p., 1999.
Weaver, Glenn. The Italian Presence in Colonial Virginia. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1988.

Scotland

Hinchliff, Helen. “A Castle on a Hill? Edwards Lore, Empirical Evidence, and the Real Helen Law of Aberdeen, Scotland,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 89, No. 1 (March 2001): 29-50.
Rinn, Jacqueline A. “Scots in Bondage: Forgotten Contributors to Colonial Society,” History Today, Vol. 30 (July 1980): 16-21.

Sweden

Springer, Courtland B. and Carl Christopherson Springer, Charles Christopher Springer’s Letter to His Mother. n.p.: n.p., 1949, Microfilm 2055165 Item 6, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Wales

Bachymbyd, Item 508, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales.
Davies, Gareth Alban. “Y Parch. David Evans, Pencader – Ymfudwr Cynnar I Pennsylvania,” National Library of Wales Journal, Vol 14 (1965-1966): 85-92.
Schlenther, Boyd Stanley, “The English is Swallowing up Their Language”: Welsh Ethnic Ambivalence in Colonial Pennsylvania and the Experience of David Evans Penn State ‘s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 114, No. 2 (April 1, 1990), 201-228.

Alphabetical Arrangement

Immigrant servants identified in some of the following sources have been added to the database.

… A List of “Entries of Servants Imported in this Province and Purchased by the Inhabitants of this Township, 1736-1746,” Chester County, Pennsylvania, Microfilm, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
“A Sentence of Indenture, 1775,” The Illinois Labor History Society, accessed 13 May 2007.
Abbott, Grace. The Child and the State. Chicago, 1938.
Adams, John C. Adams Family History: Adams, Armbrust, Bahns, Bartunek, Catlett, Christopherson, Dent, Dulaney, Fothergill, Gorsuch, Halbert, Harders, Horst, Jacobs, Jamison, Jensen, Klimes, Klein, Kocourek, Lindsey, Lovelace, Madison, Martin, McCaslin, Moffett, Nower, Parker, Povall, Rolfs, Rountree, Sampson, Sasson, Schonk, Severa, Sherill, Somerman, Slavens, Smith, Stuart, Taliaferro, Toby, Todd, True, Wheeler, Young. Bloomington, Indiana: Author House, 2004.
Adams, Rolland L. Adams Family History: A History of Joseph Washington Adams and John Leedy Snyder, Both of Newport, Pennsylvania and of their Ancestors and Descendants. n.p.: n.p., 1971.
Albert, George Dallas. History of the County of Westmoreland, Pennsylvania, with Biographical Sketches of Many of Its Pioneers and Prominent Men. Philadelphia: L.H. Everts & Co., 1882. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner’]
Alderman, Clifford Lindsey. Colonists for Sale: The Story of Indentured Servants in America. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975.
Alexander, James Hamilton. “White Indentured Servitude [Microform]: An American Economic Experience, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Houston, 1970.
Ames, Susie M. Ames. County Court Records of Accomack-Northampton, Virginia 1640-1645. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1973. [searched subject index only]
Andreson, Virginia Dejohn. “Migrants and Motives: Religion and the Settlement of New England, 1630-1640,” The New England Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Sep 1985): 339-383.
Annesley, James. Memoirs of an Unfortunate Young Nobleman, Returned from Thirteen Years’ Slavery in America: A Story Founded and Addressed Equally to the Head and Heart. London: Freeman, 1763.
Apprenticeship Indentures, Reference DC/LR/M/9, Lyme Regis Borough, Dorset Record Office, Dorchester, England.
Ashbridge, Elizabeth (1713-1755). “Some Account of the Forepart of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge: of Chester County in the Province of Pennsylvania Who Died in Truth’s Service at the House of Robert Lecky at Killnock in the Colony Carlow, Ireland, 16, 5th Month, 1775 [i.e. 1755], [17–?].” n.p.: n.p., n.d.
Aubin, Penelope. The life of Charlotta Du Pont, an English Lady; taken from her own memoirs, Giving a Account how she was trepann’d by her step-mother to Virginia… London, 1739.
Bachymbyd, Item 508, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales.
“Bacon’s Men in Surrey,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Apr 1898), 368-373.
Bagley, J. J. and F. Tyrer, eds., The Great Diurnall of Nicholas Blundell, 1702-1711. Royal Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1968.
Bailyn, Bernard. Atlantic History: Concept and Contours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005.
____. Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.
Ballagh, James Curtis. White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Studies, 1895.
Banks, Charles E. “Scotch Prisoners Deported to New England by Cromwell, 1651-52,” The Essex Genealogist, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 9-15.
Banks, Edward. The Planters of the Commonwealth … 1620-1640. Boston, n.p., 1930.
Barnes, Robert W. Baltimore County Families, 1659-1759. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1989.
_____. British Roots of Maryland Families. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1999.
Barrett, Helen L. Three Hundred Years of Covells: Nathaniel Covell, 1633-1685, Sarah, His Wife, 1644-1715. Kent, Ohio: H.L. Barrett, 198?.
Bartsch, Donna. “Social and Economic Mobility of Servants and Gentlemen in Massachusetts Bay as Visible in Costume,” M.A. Thesis, University of Connecticut, 1988).
Bassett, John Spencer. “Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North Carolina,” Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. 14 (1896).
Bates, Edward Bryant. Brief History of the Goodwin Family of Augusta, Botetourt and Tazewell Counties of Virginia. Bass Lake, California: E. Bates, 198?.
Bayles, Howard Green and Frederick Phinney Bayles. The Bayles Families of Long Island and New Jersey and Their Descendants: Also the Ancestors of James Bayles and Julia Halsey Day. Houston, Texas: H.G. Bayles, 1944.
Bean, R. Bennett. The Peopling of Virginia. Boston: Chapman & Grimes, Inc., 1938. [search restricted to subject index]
Beattie, J.M. Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Beckles, Hilary McD. “A ‘riotous and unruly lot:’ Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies, 1644-1713,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct 1990): 503-522.
____. “Plantation Production and White ‘Proto-Slavery:’ White Indentured Servants and the Colonisation of the English West Indies, 1624-1645,” The Americas, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Jan 1985): 21-45.
____. “White Labour in Black Slave Population Society and Economy: A Case Study of Indentured Labour in Seventeenth Century Barbados,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Hull, 1980.
____. White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados, 1627-1715. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1989.
Beeman, Richard R. The Evolution of the Southern Backcountry: A Case Study of Lunenburg County, Virginia 1746-1832. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.
Beiler, Rosalind J. “German-Speaking Immigrants in the British Atlantic World, 1680-1730,” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Apr 2004).
Bell, Landon C. Charles Parish, York County, Virginia, History and Registers: Births, 1648-1789, Deaths, 1665-1787. 1932; reprint, Richmond: Virginia: Virginia State Library, 1984. [searched burials/deaths only]
____. Cumberland Parish, Lunenburg County, Virginia, 1746-1816, Vestry Book, 1746-1816. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1974.
Bellini, Charles and Thomas Jefferson, “Charles Bellini, First Professor of Modern Languages in an American College,” William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine, 2nd series, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan 1925): 12.
Bellis, Mary. “Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806).”
Belt, Walter E. About 900 Descendants of Humphrey Belt 1615-1696: Forefather of Belt Families in America. 1997.
_____. “Humphrey Belt First Draft Research Notes,” accessed 29 May 2008.
Berkeley, Edmund. “The Diary, Correspondence, and Papers of Robert “King” Carter of Virginia, 1701-1732.” [Keyword searched for servant and variants.]
Berlin, Ira. “Time, Space, and the Evolution of Afro-American Society on British Mainland North America,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Feb 1980), pp. 44-78.
Biehl, Katharine L. “The Indentured Servant in Colonial America.” The Social Studies, Vol. 36 (January 1945): 316– 319.
Billings, Warren M. The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606-1689. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Bingham, Barbara. Colonists in Bondage, Indentured Servants in America. 1979. Available at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Bingham, Shirley. “Indentured Servitude in New Netherland and Colonial New York,” M.A. Thesis, University of Washington.
“Biography for James Earl Jones,” Earth’s Biggest Movie Database.
“Biography of Thomas A. Hendricks, US Vice President VP,” Hendricks Mn.com.
Bockstruck, Lloyd Dewitt. “Passenger Lists of the Ship Charming Mary to Essex County, Virginia,” The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 26 (1982): 219-220.
_____. “Some Immigrants to Middlesex County in the Colony of Virginia, 1674-1702,” The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jan-Mar 1981): 15-22; Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr-Jun 1981): 92-97.
Bogen, David S. “Mathius de Sousa; Maryland’s First Colonist of African Descent,” Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 96, No. 1 (Spring 2001): 68-85.
Bontempo, Lydia Sparacio, Ruth Trickey Sparacio, and Sam Sparacio. Order Book Abstracts of Fairfax County, Virginia, 1768-1769, Vol. I. McLean, Virginia: Antient Press, 2001.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Fairfax County, Virginia, 1769-1770, Vol. II. McLean, Virginia: Antient Press, 2001.
Braddy, Edward Boyd. “Servants and Freedmen in Colonial Virginia, 1619 to 1670,” M.A. Thesis, James Madison University, 1997.
Brand, Franklin Marion and John Brand. The Brand Family of Monongalia County, Virginia (now West Virginia). Morgantown, West Virginia: F.M. Brand, 1922.
Brasher, Charles and Shirley Brasher McCoy. Brazier/Brasher Saga: 300 Years of the Brasher/Brazier/Brashier/Brasier Family in America. 1998.
Breen, T.H., James H. Lewis, and Keith Schlesinger. “Motive for Murder: A Servant’s Life in Virginia, 1678,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan 1983): 106-120.
Bridges, Anne Baker Leland and Roy Williams III. St. James Santee Plantation Parish: History and Records, 1685-1925. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company Publishers, 1997.
“Brooke Shields,” Wikipedia.
Brown, Kathleen M. Good Wives, Nasty Winches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Bruce, Philip Alexander. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Material Condition of the People, Based upon Original and Contemporaneous Records. New York: Macmillan and Co., 1896.
Buck, Rebekah Ann. “The Decline of Indentured Servitude in Seventeenth-Century Tobacco Colonies” M.L.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, 2000.
Buckley, Kenneth Welch. The Descendants of Butler Buckley and Elizabeth Story, 1710-1994. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1995.
Bumpus, Bettie. “Indentured Servants in Colonial South Carolina: Primary and Secondary Sources,” Genealogical Journal, Vol 9, No. 1 (Mar 1980): 19-23.
Bundle of Overseers’ Papers, Brockenhurst Parish, Hampshire, England, 4M81/PO32/17, Hampshire Record Office, Winchester, England.
Bundy, Wilson Woodrow. The Roots and Shoots of Will and Dell Bundy … Ford, Washington: W.H. Bundy Family, 1990.
Butler, James Davie. “British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies,” American Historical Review, Vol. 2 (October 1896): 12-33.
Butterfield, L.H. “Dr. Benjamin Rush’s Journal of a Trip to Carlisle in 1784,” Penn State ‘s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 74, No. 4 (October 1950), 443-456.
Campbell, Daniel R. “Origins of the American Indenture Contract and the Role of Labor in Virginia 1606-1619,” M.A. Thesis, University of South Florida, 1982.
Cantwell, John A. “Imported Indentured White Servitude in Fairfax and Prince William Counties, 1750-1800,” M.A. Thesis, George Mason University, 1986.
_____. “Northern Virginia Indentured Servants: A Sampling,” Northern Virginia Heritage (Oct 1987).
Carr, Lois Green. “Dr. Lois Green Carr’s Biographical Files of 17th and 18th Century Marylanders.”
Carr, Lois Green and Russell Menard. “Immigration and Opportunity: The Freedman in Early Colonial Maryland,” in in Thad W. Tate and David Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1979.
Ceppi, Elisabeth Ann. “Unnatural Bonds: Servitude, Rank, and the Family Covenant in Early American Culture, 1662-1790,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, Dept. of English Language and Literature, 2000.
Chamberlayne, C.G. The Vestry Book and Register of Bristol Parish, 1720-1789. Greenville, South Carolina: Southern Historical Press, 1994.
____. The Vestry Book and Register of St. Peter’s Parish, New Kent and James City Counties, Virginia, 1684-1786. n.p.: n.p., 1973. [only the subject index was consulted]
Choquette, Leslie. Frenchmen into Peasants: Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French Canada. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Cichanski, Debra Valentine. Indentured Servants in Colonial America. 1988. Available at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Clark, Dennis. “Babes in Bondages: Indentured Irish Children in Philadelphia in the Nineteenth Century,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Oct 1977): 475-486.
_____. The Irish in Philadelphia: Ten Generations of Urban Experience. Philadelphia, 1973.
Clark, Peter and David Souden, “Rogues, Whores and Vagabonds? Indentured Servant Emigration to North America and the Case of Mid-seventeenth-century Bristol,” in Migration and Society in Early Modern England. New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988.
Cliff, Penelope D. “The Legal and Social Status of Indentured Servants in Colonial Virginia,” M.A. Thesis, Georgia College & State University, 2002.
Coad, John. A Memorandum of the Worderful Providences of God to a Poor Unworthy Creature during the Time of the Duke of Monmouth’s Rebellion and the Revolution of 1688, by John Coad, One of the Sufferers. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1849.
Coldham, Peter Wilson. Bonded Passengers to America, vols. 1-9. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1983.
____. The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988.
____. Child Apprentices in America from Christ’s Hospital, London, 1617-1778. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1990.
____. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1661-1699. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1990.
____. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1700-1750. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1992.
____. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1773-1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988.
____. Emigrants from England to the American Colonies, 1773-1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988.
____. Emigrants in Chains: A Social History of Forced Emigration to the Americas of Felons, Destitute Children, Political and Religious Non-Conformists, Vagabonds, Beggars and Other Desirables, 1607-1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1992.
____. “List of Convicts, 1748,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Dec 1972): 256-257.
____. Lord Mayor’s Court of London: Depositions Relating to Americans, 1641-1736 . Washington, D.C.: National Genealogical Society, 1980.
____. “Scottish Rebels Transported to Maryland, 1747,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Jun 1975): 137-138.
____. “Some Emigrants to Georgia, 1774-1775,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Jun 1978): 117-118.
____. “Some Passenger Lists of 1677,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Sep 1976): 216-218.
____. “Some Scottish Emigrants, 1771-1774,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Dec 1973): 262-263.
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Johnson, David R. “Crime Patterns in Philadelphia, 1840-70,” in Allen Davis and Mark Haller, The Peoples of Philadelphia: A History of Ethnic Groups and Lower-Class Life 1790-1940. Philadelphia, 1973.
Johnson, Dorothy Mae Serviss. The Serviss & Hollenbeck and Thomson & Ross Families and Their Johnnycake Journey in North America … Westwood, Massachusetts: D.S. Johnson, 1999.
Johnson, Robert C. “The Transportation of Vagrant Children from London to Virginia, 1618-1622,” in Howard S. Reinmuth, Jr., ed., Early Stuart Studies: Essays in Honor of David Harris Wilson. Minneapolis, Minnesota, 1970, 137-151.
Jones, Edward F. A Listing of Slaves and Indentured Servants 1668-1720 [Old Somerset County, Maryland] (n.p.: Edward H. Nabb Research Center for Delmarva History & Culture Publications, n.d.).
Jones, Natasha. “Richard Chambers,” DelmarvaSettlers.org.
Jones, W. Mac. The Douglas Register: Being a Detailed Record of Births, Marriages and Deaths Together with Other Interesting Notes, As Kept by the Rev. William Douglas, from 1750 to 1797 [Virginia]. Richmond, Virginia: J.W. Fergusson & Sons, 1928.
Jordan, John W. A History of the Juniata Valley and Its People, Vol. I. New York: Lewis Historical Publishing Company, 1913. [keyword search for ‘redemptioner.’]
Jourdan, Elise Greenup. Colonial Records of Southern Maryland: Trinity Parish & Court Records, Charles County; Christ Church Parish & Marriage Records, Calvert County; St. Andrew’s & All Faith’s Parishes, St. Mary’s County. Westminster, Maryland: Family Line Publications, 1997.
Leisey, Donald E. “Joseph Leisey’s trip down the Rhine River on his way to the Colonies,” The Leisey Family Website, accessed 19 May 2008.
Lincks, George. Lincks’ Trunk and Branches 1795-1985. Auburndale, Florida: G.O. Lincks, 1986.
Kagan, Samuel. “Penal Servitude in New Spain [microform]: The Colonial Textile Industry, Thesis, City University of New York.
Kaminkow, Jack and Marion Kaminkow. A List of Emigrants from England to America, 1718-1759. Baltimore: Magna Carta Book Company, 1964.
Kaufmann, Paulette Clark. “David Selleck, of Somerset, England, and of Massachusetts and Virginia: Soap Maker and Merchant Trader,” The Genealogist, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring 2005): 3-40.
Keane, Justin C. “The Transition of Indentured Servitude to Slavery in 17th Century Maryland,” M.A. Thesis, James Madison University, 1999.
Kelley, Kevin. “‘In dispers’d Country Plantations:’ Settlement Patterns in Seventeenth-Century Surry County, Virginia,” in Thad W. Tate and David Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1979.
Kennedy, Jesse and Macon A. Smith. “The Jesse Kennedy Manuscript,” 1852, published transcript, 929.273 K38kj, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
_____ and Julia Agnes Kennedy Bell. Kennedy Family. n.p.: n.p., n.d., 929.273 K38kjs v. 1-2, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Kent, David L. Barbados and America. Arlington, Virginia: C.M. Kent, 1980. [search restricted to parish register burials]
King, George Harrison Sanford. The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 1663-1814 and Lunenburg Parish, 1783-1800, Richmond County, Virginia. Fredericksburg, Virginia: G.H.S. King, 1966. [searched burials/deaths only]
____. The Register of Overwharton Parish, Stafford County, Virginia 1723-1758 and Sundry Historical and Genealogical Notes. Fredericksburg, Virginia: G.H.S. King, 1961. [searched burials/deaths only]
____. The Register of Saint Paul’s Parish 1715-1798, Stafford County, Virginia 1715-1776, King George County, Virginia 1777-1798. Fredericksburg, Virginia: George Harrison Sanford King, 1960. [searched burials/deaths only]
Klepp, Susan E., Farley Grubb, Anne Pfaelzer de Ortiz. Souls for Sale: Two German Redemptioners Come to Revolutionary America; The Life Stories of John Frederick Whitehead and Johann Carl Büttner. University Park, Pennsylvania: Penn State University Press, 2006.
Knaus, J.O.Social Conditions among the Pennsylvania Germans in the Eighteenth Century as Revealed in German Newspapers Published in America, Reprint, Proceedings of Pennsylvania German Society, XXIX, 59-60.
Knittle, Walter Allen. Early Eighteenth Century Palatine Emigration: A British Government Redemptioner Project to Manufacture Naval Stores. Philadelphia: Dorrance & Co., 1937. [Published Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Pennsylvania.]
Kulikoff, Allan. From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
_____. Tobacco and Slaves: The Development of Southern Cultures in the Chesapeake, 1680-1800. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1986.
Lancaster, R. Kent.“Almost Chattel: The Lives of Indentured Servants at Hampton-Northampton, Baltimore County.”
Lane, Ralph H. The Scothorn Family. Washington, D.C.: R.H. Lane, 1955.
Lehman, Mary. “The Meaning of Image: The Clothing of Indentured and Enslaved Women in Colonial Philadelphia and Charleston as Recorded in Runaway Advertisements: 1997 Dec. 9: [typescript],” Constance B. Shultz Collection, 1986-, South Carolinian Library, University of South Carolina.
Lerch, Vicki. “Servants in Brown’s House.” Unpub. research, Historic London Town, 2006.
“List of Servants Belonging to the Inhabitants of Penna. & Taken into His Majesty’s Service for Whom Satisfaction has not been made by Officers according to act of Parliament,” April 1757 (photocopy of original in Huntington Library), Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Little, Barbara Vines. Orange County, Virginia, Tithables: 1734-1782, Part One. Orange, Virginia: Dominion Market Research Corporation, 1988.
Little, Barbara Vines. Orange County, Virginia, Tithables: 1734-1782, Part Two. Orange, Virginia: Dominion Market Research Corporation, 1988.
Lloyd, Jessica J. “Indentured Servitude in Seventeenth Century Virginia,” M.A. Thesis, West Texas A & M University, 1999.
McAnally, James L. The McAnally Family. Columbia, Tennessee: J.L. McAnally, 1976.
McAnally, Thomas S. The McAnallys: Descendants of Hamilton and Winifred. Nashville, Tennessee: T.S. McAnally, 1988.
McBride, Ransom. “A Change of Destination for Some 100 ‘Emigrants’ from Virginia & Maryland to South Carolina, 1718,” The North Carolina Genealogical Society Journal, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Aug 1983): 165-167.
McConnaughey, Gibson Jefferson. Court Order Books, Amelia County, Virginia, 1735-1746, Vol. I. Amelia, Virginia: Mid-South Publishing Company, 1985.
McConnaughey, Gibson Jefferson. Court Order Books, Amelia County, Virignia, 1746-1751, Vol. II. Athens, Georgia: Iberian Publishing Company, 1997.
McCormac, Eugene Irving McCormac. “White Servitude in Maryland 1634-1820,” Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Ser. XXII, No. 3-4 (1904).
McDonnell, Frances J. Emigrants from Ireland to America, 1735-1743: A Transcription of the Report of the Irish House of Commons into Enforced Emigration to America. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1992.
McGowan, John B. “Servants Transported in 1674 on the Ship Batchelor of Bristoll, Samuell Gibbons, Master,” USGenWeb.
McIlwaine, H.R. Minutes of the Council and General Court of Colonial Virginia. 1924; reprint, Richmond, Virginia: Virginia State Library, 1979.
McKey, JoAnn Riley. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1663-1666, Vol. I. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1666-1670, Vol. II. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1671-1673, Vol. III. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1673-1676, Vol. IV. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1676-1678, Vol. V . Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1678-1682, Vol. VI. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1682-1690, Vol. VII. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1690-1697, Vol. VIII. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1697-1703, Vol. IX. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1703-1710, Vol. X . Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1710-1714, Vol. XI. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1714-1719, Vols. XII-XIII. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1719-1724, Vol. XIV. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
Mackey, Howard and Marlene A. Groves. Northampton County, Virginia Record Book, Orders, Deeds, Wills &c, Vol. 3, 1645-1651. Rockport, Maine: Picton Press, 2000.
_____. Northampton County, Virginia Record Book, Vol. 9, 1664-1674. Rockport, Maine: Picton Press, 2003.
Marrin, Richard B. Runaways of Colonial New Jersey: Indentured Servants, Slaves, Deserters, and Prisoners, 1720-1781. Westminster, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1997.
Martin, Lou Ella Johnson and William A. Martin. George Darling of Lynn & Marblehead and Some of His Descendants, 1650 to 1920. Placentia, California: Creative Continuum, 2001.
Matheny, Emma Robertson et al, Kingston Parish Register, Gloucester and Mathews Counties, 1749-1827 (Richmond, Virginia: E.R. Matheny and H.K. Yates, 1963).
Meaders, Daniel. Dead or Alive: Fugitive Slaves and White Indentured Servants before 1830. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1993.
_____. “Fugitive Slaves and Indentured Servants before 1800,” Ph.D. Thesis, Yale University, 1990.
Mears, Robert L. “Henry Smith: The Eastern Shore’s Meanest Man.”
Menard, Russell R. “From Servant to Freeholder: Status Mobility and Property Accumulation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 30, No. 1 (Jan 1973).
_____. “British Migration to the Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century,” in Migrants, Servants and Slaves: Unfree Labor in Colonial British America. Burlington, Vermont: Valorium, 2001.
Menzin, Marion. “How and Why They Came: Narratives of Migration,” Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Apr 2004).
Merrill, James H. Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.
Miller, Lynne D. North Carolina Ballards Revised. Lincolnton, North Carolina: L.D. Miller, 1998.
Minute Books of Fauquier County, Virginia, Microfilms 31613-31622, 1929990-1929991, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Moncure, Sue. “‘Souls for Sale,’ Memoirs of Early German Immigrants,” UDaily, University of Delaware, November 10, 2006.
Montgomery, Morton L. Historical and Biographical Annals of Berks County, Pennsylvania: Embracing a Concise History of the County and a Genealogical and Biographical Record of Representative Families, Vols. I-II. Chicago: J.H. Beers & Co., 1909. [keyword searched for ‘redemptioner’]
Morgan, Edmund S. American Slavery, American Freedom. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1975.
Morgan, Edmund Sears. “Masters and Servants in Early New England,” More Books, 17 (Sep 1942): 311-326.
Morgan, Edna Q. John Adam Treutlen: Georgia’s First Constitutional Governor, His Life, Real and Rumored. Springfield, Ga.: Historic Effingham Society, 1998.
Morris, Richard B. Government and Labor in Early America. New York, 1965.
Morton, Louis and Robert Carter. Robert Carter of Nomini Hall: A Virginia Tobacco Planter of the Eighteenth Century. Williamsburg, Virginia: Colonial Williamsburg, 1941.
Morton, Oren F. A History of Rockbridge County, Virginia. Staunton, Virginia: The McClure Co., Inc., 1920. [keyword searched for indentured servant and redemptioner(s)]
Morton, Richard. Colonial Virginia: The Tidewater Period, 1607-1710. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1960.
Murphy, Nathan W. “Cornelius McDermott Roe: Indentured Servant of George Washington,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Jun 2007).
_____. “Devon’s Supply of Indentured Servants: 1655-1660,” unpub. M.A. Dissertation, University of Leicester, 2005.
_____. “Devon’s Supply of North American and Caribbean Indentured Servants: 1655-1660,” Genealogists’ Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Mar 2007): 3-12.
_____. “Gateway to Europe: The Immigrant Servants Database,” Virginia Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. XXXIII (2007).
_____. “Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants: American and English Sources,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 93, No. 1 (March 2005).
Myers, Albert Cook. Records of the Court of New Castle on Delaware, Vol. II, 1681-1699. Philadelphia: The Colonial Society of Pennsylvania, 1934.
Oszakiewski, Robert Andrew. “Convict Servants in Charles County: A Further Study,” Maryland Genealogical Society Bulletin, Vol. 32, No. 3, 284-288.
_____. “Index to Convict Servants in Kent County, 1719-1769,” Maryland Genealogical Society Bulletin, Vol. 34, No. 1, 43-84.
National Public Radio, “Convict Servants in the American Colonies.”
Neal, Rosemary Corley. Elizabeth City County, Virginia, Now the City of Hampton: Deeds, Wills, Court Orders, Etc., 1634, 1659, 1688-1701, Vol. I. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, 1986.
Neal, Rosemary Corley. Elizabeth City County, Virginia, Now the City of Hampton: Deeds, Wills, Court Orders, Etc., 1715-1721, Vol. II. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, 1988.
Newman, Harry Wright. To Maryland from Overseas: A Complete Digest of the Jacobite Loyalists Sold into White Slavery in Maryland and the British and Continental Background of Approximately 1400 Maryland Settlers from 1634 to the Early Federal Period with Source Documentation. Annapolis: H.W. Newman, 1982.
Nugent, Marion Nell, Denis Hudgins, and Virginia Genealogical Society. Cavaliers and Pioneers: Abstracts of Virginia Land Patents and Grants, 1625-1776, 7 vols. Richmond: Virginia Genealogical Society, 1934-1999.
Oliver, Vere Langford. Caribbeana, Being Miscellaneous Papers Relating to the History, Genealogy, Topography, and Antiquities of the British West Indies, Vol. II. London: Mitchell Hughes and Clarke, 1912. [Added all non-military titled men from 1678 Montserrat Census]
Order Books of Accomack County, Virginia, 1676-1819, Microfilms 30112, 30138-30143, 30111-30115, 30082-30092, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Alexandria (Independent City), Virginia, 1787-1799, Microfilms 30505-30506.
Order Books of Amherst County, Virginia, 1766-1820, Microfilms 1888542-1888544, 1888554-1888559, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Bath County, Virginia, 1791-1831, Microfilms 30612-30613, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Bedford County, Virginia, 1754-1823, Microfilms 30578-30583, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Berkeley County, [West] Virginia, 1772-1804, Microfilms 831288-831292, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Botetourt County, Virginia, 1770-1817, Microfilms 30722-30726, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Brooke County, Virginia, 1797-1807, Microfilms 173539-173540, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Brunswick County, Virginia, 1732-1820, Microfilms 30662-30673, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Campbell County, Virginia, 1782-1822, Microfilms 31039-31042, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Caroline County, Virginia, 1732-1809, Microfilms 30831-30840, 30842, 30845, 1887724-1887727, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Charles City County, Virginia, 1655-1665, 1685-1696, 1737-1762, Microfilms 30989-30992, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Charlotte County, Virginia, 1765-1820, Microfilms 30796-30806, 1939962 Item 2, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Chesterfield County, Virginia, 1749-1820, Microfilms 30908-30918, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Culpeper County, Virginia, 1763-1764, 1798-1823, Microfilms 30970-30973, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Cumberland County, Virginia, 1749-1823, Microfilms 30759-30767, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Dinwiddie County, Virginia, 1789-1791, Microfilm 31090 Item 2, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of the District of Columbia, 1801-1827, Microfilm 1902940 Item 5, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Elizabeth City County, Virginia, 1684-1700, 1715-1724, 1731-1757, 1760-1769, 1784-1788, 1798-1816, Microfilms 31119-31120, 31123-31124, 31126-31127, 31131-31132, 31148-31149, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Essex County, Virginia, 1692-1823, Microfilms 31162 Item 3, 1929862-1929883, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Fairfax County, Virginia, 1749-1808, Microfilms 31279, 31321-31325, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Fluvanna County, Virginia, 1777-1819, Microfilms 31476-31479, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Franklin County, Virginia, 1786-1822, Microfilms 31514-31517, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Frederick County, Virginia, 1743-1806, Microfilms 31416-31434, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Fredericksburg (Independent City), Virginia, 1782-1819, Microfilm 31544, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Giles County, Virginia, 1806-1829, Microfilms 31734-31735, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Goochland County, Virginia, 1728-1825, Microfilms 31671-31684, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Grayson County, Virginia, 1809-1847, Microfilm 1976151, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Greenbrier County, [West] Virginia, 1780-1822, Microfilms 163745-1637477, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Order Books of Greensville County, Virginia, 1781-1821, Microfilms 31701-31703, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Owen, Bob. “Welsh Emigrants or Planters or Slaves Sent to Virginia c. 1697-1700 from Liverpool,” Papers of Bob Owen, 31/5, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales.
_____. “Ymfudwr i Virginia a Maryland yr America ar y llong ‘Lamb,’ Lerpwl, 8th Medi 1699,” Ynghyda llythyr gan y Copiydd Robert Roberts, Bodhyfryd, Fflint, 23/11/1937 , Papers of Bob Owen, 31/6, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales.
Packer, Warren M. A Short History of the Family of Philip Packer. St. Louis, Michigan: W.M. Packer, 1949.
Pagan, John Ruston. Anne Orthwood’s Bastard: Sex and Law in Early Virginia. Oxford and New York: Oxford University Press, 2003.
Page, Anne Rose. Sketches of Old Virginia Family Servants. Philadelphia: I. Ashmead, 1847.
Parker, Anthony W. Scottish Highlanders in Colonial Georgia: The Recruitment, Emigration, and Settlement at Darien, 1735-1748. Athens, Georgia: The University of Georgia Press, 1997.
Paschall, Benjamin. Record Book, 1778-1784. Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Pippenger, Wesley E. Alexandria, Virginia, Hustings Court Orders [1780-1787]. Westminster, Maryland: Willow Bend Books, 1999.
Pomfret, John E. “The Proprietors of the Province of East New Jersey, 1682-1702,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 77, No. 3 (Jul 1953): 251-293.
Pray, Donald Everett. Early Welch Descendants of New England. East Lebanon, Maine: Lionside Business Services, 1996.
Preisser, Thomas M. “White Servant Labor in Colonial Virginia,” Northern Virginia Heritage, Vol. 4, No. 2 (June 1982).
Preisser, Thomas Milton. “Eighteenth-Century Alexandria, Virginia, before the Revolution, 1749-1776.” Ph.D. diss., College of William and Mary, 1977.
Preston, Thomas L. Reminiscences of an Octogenarian. Richmond, Virginia: B.F. Johnson Publishing Co., 1900.
Probing the Past: Virginia and Maryland Probate Inventories, 1740-1810. [keyword search for “serv,” “serve,” and “servant.”]
Prude, Jonathan. “To Look upon the ‘ Lower Sort’ : Runaway Ads and the Appearance of Unfree Laborers in America, 1750– 1800.” Journal of American History, Vol. 78 (June 1991): 124– 159.
Pulsipher, Lydia M.“Galways Plantation, Montserrat,” in Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis, Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Celebration. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991, 138-159.
Qualls, Amy M. “Reading Testimony, Reading the Body: An Examination of the Legal Trials of Sarah Taylor, Seventeenth-Century Indentured Servant,” M.A. Thesis, Auburn University, 2003.
Quinn, Jane. The Minorcans in Florida: Their History and Heritage. St. Augustine, Florida: Mission Press, 1975.
Quintanilla, Mark S. “The Monmouth Rebels in the West Indies,” Ph.D. Thesis, Arizona State University, 1993.
Ransome, David R. “Wives for Virginia, 1621,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan 1991): 3-18.
Ray, Clarence George. “A Study of the Indentured Servant in the Colonial Era from a Human Capital Viewpoint,” Thesis – University of South Carolina, 1972.
Ray, Peter. A History of the Families of Edward Tinsley Ray and Isabel Douglass Curtis, Vols. I-II. Darien, Connecticut: n.p., 1998.
Register of Abingdon Parish, Gloucester County, Virginia, 1678-1761, Microfilm 30159, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah. [searched burials/deaths only]
Register of Bristol Parish, Prince George and Dinwiddie Counties, Virginia, Microfilm 30625, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah. [searched burials/deaths only]
Register of King William Parish, [Goochland County], Virginia.
Register of Suffolk Parish, Nansemond County, Virginia.
Revel, James. The Poor Unhappy Transported Felon’s Sorrowful Account of His Fourteen Years Transportation, at Virginia, in America. In Six Parts. Being a Remarkable and Succinct History of the Life of James Revel, the Unhappy Sufferer Who Was Put Apprentice by His Father to a Tinman, Near Moorfields, Where He Got into Bad Company and Before Long Ran Away, and Went Robbing with a Gang of Thieves, But His Master Soon Got Him Back Again; Yet Would Not Be Be [sic] Kept from His Old Companions, But Went Thieving with Them Again, for Which He Was Transported Fourteen Years. With an Account of the Way the Transports Work, and the Punishment They Receive for Committing Any Fault. Concluding with a Word of Advice for All Young Men. York: C. Croshaw, 1800.
Revil, Janie. A Compilation of the Original Lists of Protestant Immigrants to South Carolina, 1763-1773. Columbia, 1939.
Rhys, Isaac. The Transformation of Virginia 1740-1790. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1982.
Richards, Gertrude R.B. Register of Albemarle Parish, Surry and Sussex Counties [Virginia], 1739-1778. Richmond, Virginia: National Society Colonial Dames of America in the Commonwealth, 1958. [searched burials/deaths only]
Riddle, William. Cherished Memories of Old Lancaster-Town and Shire. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Intelligencer Printing House, 1910.
Rigby, Henry W. Early Spencers of Virginia. Charlotte, North Carolina: H.W. Rigby, 1986.
Riley, Helene M. Kastinger. John Adam Treutlen: The European Heritage of Georgia’s First Governor. Greenville, S.C.: Sagas Publishing, 2000.
Rinn, Jacqueline A. “Scots in Bondage: Forgotten Contributors to Colonial Society,” History Today, Vol. 30 (July 1980): 16-21.
Risch, Erna. “Immigrant Aid Societies Before 1820,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jan 1936): 15-33.
Rittenhouse, Fred C. “Indentured Servitude in the North American Colonies: A Research Paper Presented to the Graduate Faculty of Winona State College,” M.S. Thesis, Winona State College, 1971.
Roe, Melissa A. “Differential Tolerances and Accepted Punishments for Disobedient Indentured Servants and Their Masters in Colonial Courts,” unpub. Honor’s Thesis, Lafayette College, 1996.
Roselli, Bruno. The Italians in Colonial Florida: A Repertory of Italian Families in Florida under the Spanish (1513-1762, 1784-1821) and British (1762-1784) Regimes; With a Brief Historical Outline and an Appendix on the Contemporary Colonial Press. Jacksonville, Florida: Drew Press, 1940.
Rosswurm, Steven. Arms, Country, and Class: The Philadelphia Militia and the “Lower Sort” During the American Revolution. New Brunswick, New Jersey, 1987.
Russell, George Ely. “Molly Welsh: Alleged Grandmother of Benjamin Banneker,” NGS Quarterly, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Dec 2006): 305-314.
Russell, George Ely and Donna Valley Russell. The Ark and the Dove Adventurers (Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 2005).
Rutyna, Richard Albert. “Social Mobility in Puritan Massachusetts: A Case Study of Fifty Indentured Servants and Apprentices in Essex County, 1630-1680,” M.A. Thesis, College of William and Mary.
Sachse, Julius Friedrich. The First German Newspaper Published in America. Lancaster, Pennsylvania: Society, 1900.
Sacks, David Harris. The Widening Gate: Bristol and the Atlantic Economy, 1450-1700. Berkeley: University of California Press, 1994.
Saito, Shiro. Indentured Servants in Colonial Period with References to Maryland and Pennsylvania. 1955. Available at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Salerno, Anthony. “The Character of Emigration from Wiltshire to the American Colonies, 1630-1660,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1977.
Salerno, Anthony. “The Social Background of Seventeenth-Century Emigration to America,” Journal of British Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Autumn 1979), 31-52.
Salinger, Sharon. “Artisans, Journeymen, and the Transformation of Labor in Late Eighteenth Century Philadelphia,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan 1983): 62-84.
Salinger, Sharon V. “Colonial Labor in Transition: The Decline of Indentured Servitude in Late Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,” Labor History, Vol. XXII (1981).
_____. “Labor and Indentured Servants in Colonial Pennsylvania [Microform],” Ph.D. Thesis, University of California, Los Angeles, 1980.
_____. “‘Send No More Women:’ Female Servants in Eighteenth-Century Philadelphia,” Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography (January 1983).
_____. “To serve well and faithfully,” Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Salmon, Emily J. and Edward D. C. Campbell Jr. The Hornbook of Virginia History: A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion’s People, Places, and Past. Richmond: The Library of Virginia, 1994
Sansone, Tina. “Indentured Servants,” Bella Online: The Voice of Women.
Schmidt, Frederick Hall. “British Convict Servant Labor in Colonial Virginia.” Ph.D. Dissertation, College of William and Mary, 1976.
Schlenther, Boyd Stanley, “The English is Swallowing up Their Language”: Welsh Ethnic Ambivalence in Colonial Pennsylvania and the Experience of David Evans Penn State ‘s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 114, No. 2 (April 1, 1990), 201-228.
Schmidt, Jim. “Jim Adam Treutlen (1733-1782),” The New Georgia Encyclopedia.
Sechrest, Eldric Norman. Musgrave: Northern Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1682. South Pasadena, California: E.N. Sechrest, 2003.
Segrave, Kerry. The Sexual Harassment of Women in the Workplace, 1600 to 1993. Jefferson, North Carolina: McFarland & Co., 1994.
Shammas, Carole. “Indentured Servitude and the First Sunbelt Migration,” Reviews in American History, Vol. 11, No. 1 (Mar 1983): 43-46.
Shartle, Stanley Musgrave. A History of a Quaker Branch of the Musgrave Family of the North of Ireland, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Illinois, and Elsewhere, with Selected Papers Relating to the Ancient and Landed Musgraves of England. Evansville, Indiana: Evansville Bindery, Inc., 1995.
Shatzman, Aaron M. “Servants Into Planters [Microform]: The Origin of an American Image: Land Acquisition and Status Mobility in Seventeenth Century South Carolina,” Ph.D. Thesis, Stanford University, 1981.
_____. Servants into Planters: The Origin of an American Image: Land Acquisition and Status Mobility in Seventeenth-Century South Carolina. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1989.
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