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Immigrant Servants Database

Bibliography

Geographical Arrangement Alphabetical Arrangement

Geographical Arrangement

Immigrant servants listed in the following sources have been added to the database.

American Colonies

General

Alderman, Clifford Lindsey. Colonists for Sale: The Story of Indentured Servants in America. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975.
Bailyn, Bernard. Atlantic History: Concept and Contours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005.
____. Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.
Berlin, Ira. “Time, Space, and the Evolution of Afro-American Society on British Mainland North America,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Feb 1980), pp. 44-78.
"Biography for James Earl Jones," Earth's Biggest Movie Database.
Donnan, Elizabeth. Documents Illustrative of the History of the Slave Trade to America, Vol. IV: The Border Colonies and the Southern Colonies. New York: Octagon Books, Inc., 1965.
Grubb, Farley. “Immigrant Servant Labor: Their Occupational and Geographic Distribution in the Late Eighteenth-Century Mid-Atlantic Economy,” Social Science History, Vol. 9, No. 3 (Summer 1985).
____. “The Market for Indentured Immigrants: Evidence on the Efficiency of Forward-Labor Contracting in Philadelphia, 1745-1773,” The Journal of Economic History, Vol. 45, No. 4 (Dec 1985).
Heinegg, Paul. "Free African Americans of Virginia, North Carolina, South Carolina, Maryland and Delaware."
Kulikoff, Allan. From British Peasants to Colonial American Farmers. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 2000.
Menard, Russell R. “British Migration to the Chesapeake Colonies in the Seventeenth Century,” in Migrants, Servants and Slaves: Unfree Labor in Colonial British America. Burlington, Vermont: Valorium, 2001.
Murphy, Nathan W. "Origins of Colonial Chesapeake Indentured Servants: American and English Sources," National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 93, No. 1 (March 2005).
Risch, Erna. “Immigrant Aid Societies Before 1820,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 60, No. 1 (Jan 1936): 15-33.
Roe, Melissa A. “Differential Tolerances and Accepted Punishments for Disobedient Indentured Servants and Their Masters in Colonial Courts,” Honor’s Thesis, Lafayette College, 1996.

Delaware

Davenport, Florence Springer. "Springer and Related Family Genealogical Collection," Microfilm 2055165 Item 5, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Simpson, Hazel B. "Genealogical Data of the Springer Family," National Library of the Daughters of the American Revolution, Washington, D.C., Microfilm 875384 Item 9, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Springer, Courtland B. and Carl Christopherson Springer, Charles Christopher Springer's Letter to His Mother. n.p.: n.p., 1949, Microfilm 2055165 Item 6, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
_____, Ruth L. Springer, American-Swedish Historical Foundation. Charles Springer of Christina. n.p.: n.p., 1949.

Georgia

Coulter, E. Merton and Albert B. Saye. A List of the Early Settlers of Georgia. Athens: The University of Georgia Press, 1949.
Gnann, Pearl Rahn. Georgia Salzburgers and Allied Families, Vols. I-IV. Greenville, South Carolina: Southern Historical Press, 1956-2003.
John Adam Treutlen, Georgia Salzburger Society.
Schmidt, Jim. "Jim Adam Treutlen (1733-1782)," The New Georgia Encyclopedia.
Shuptrine, Harry R. The Shuptrine Family. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1992.
Strobel, Philip A. The Salzburgers and Their Descendants: Being the History of a Colony of German (Lutheran) Protestants, Who Emigrated to Georgia in 1734, and Settled at Ebenezer, Twenty-five Miles Above the City of Savannah. Baltimore: T. Newton Kurtz, 1855.

Kentucky

Lincks, George. Lincks’ Trunk and Branches 1795-1985. Auburndale, Florida: G.O. Lincks, 1986.

Maryland

Bellis, Mary. "Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806)."
Bogen, David S. "Mathius de Sousa; Maryland's First Colonist of African Descent," Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 96, No. 1 (Spring 2001): 68-85.
Buckley, Kenneth Welch. The Descendants of Butler Buckley and Elizabeth Story, 1710-1994. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1995.
Day, Maria A. "Mathias de Sousa, MSA SC 3520-2810."
Donson, Gladys and Lawrence F. Athy. The Thomas Flora Family of London, Maryland & Virginia. Houston, Texas: Donath Publishing, 1995.
"First Lady Biography: Margaret Taylor," National First Ladies' Library.
Heavrin, Russell F. and Charles A. Heavrin. New Land, a Heavrin - Heavrin - Heaverin Family History. Bountiful, Utah: Family History Publishers, 1992.
Hurley, William Neal. Hurley and Related Families. Gaithersburg, Maryland: Sir Speedy, 1992.
Kennedy, Jesse and Macon A. Smith. “The Jesse Kennedy Manuscript,” 1852, published transcript, 929.273 K38kj, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
_____ and Julia Agnes Kennedy Bell. Kennedy Family. n.p.: n.p., n.d., 929.273 K38kjs v. 1-2, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
McCormac, Eugene Irving. "White Servitude in Maryland 1634-1820," Johns Hopkins University Studies in Historical and Political Science, Ser. XXII, No. 3-4 (1904).
McGowan, John B. "Servants Transported in 1674 on the Ship Batchelor of Bristoll, Samuell Gibbons, Master," USGenWeb.
Menard, Russell R. "From Servant to Freeholder: Status Mobility and Property Accumulation in Seventeenth-Century Maryland," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 30, No. 1 (Jan 1973).
Russell, George Ely. "Molly Welsh: Alleged Grandmother of Benjamin Banneker," NGS Quarterly, Vol. 94, No. 4 (Dec 2006): 305-314.
Russell, George Ely and Donna Valley Russell. The Ark and the Dove Adventurers. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 2005.
Smith, Macon A. My Kennedy Family. n.p.: n.p., n.d., 929.273 K38s, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Teagle, Winton and Terrence Lindemer. The Teagle Family 'From Then Til Now.' Spartanburg, South Carolina: The Reprint Company, Publishers, 1992.
Vile, John. “Indentured Servants,” The Constitutional Convention of 1787.

New England

Barrett, Helen L. Three Hundred Years of Covells: Nathaniel Covell, 1633-1685, Sarah, His Wife, 1644-1715. Kent, Ohio: H.L. Barrett, 198?.
Banks, Charles E. "Scotch Prisoners Deported to New England by Cromwell, 1651-52," The Essex Genealogist, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 9-15.
Bundy, Wilson Woodrow. The Roots and Shoots of Will and Dell Bundy ... Ford, Washington: W.H. Bundy Family, 1990.
Delorey, Janet Ireland. "Robert Rogers, 'A Cheddar Man,' of Newbury, Massachusetts," New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 140 (Jul 1986): 203-210.
Johnson, Caleb. "Complete Mayflower Passenger List," MayflowerHistory.com.
Johnson, Dorothy Mae Serviss. The Serviss & Hollenbeck and Thomson & Ross Families and Their Johnnycake Journey in North America ... Westwood, Massachusetts: D.S. Johnson, 1999.
Martin, Lou Ella Johnson and William A. Martin. George Darling of Lynn & Marblehead and Some of His Descendants, 1650 to 1920. Placentia, California: Creative Continuum, 2001.
Pray, Donald Everett. Early Welch Descendants of New England. East Lebanon, Maine: Lionside Business Services, 1996.
Sinnett, C.N. Walter Merryman of Harpswell, Maine and His Descendants. Concord, New Hampshire: Rumford Printing Company, 1905.
Smith, Rollin C. Our Smith Family: One Branch Descended from Robert Smith (1626-1693) of Kirton, England and the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Kingman, Arizona: R.C. Smith, 1982.
Tinkham, Kenneth Ira. Tinkham, A Biographical Index: Compiled from Public Records, Personal Recollections, and Assorted Family Histories . Centralia, Washington: K.I. Tinkham, 1994.
Towner, Lawrence W. "'A Fondness for Freedom:' Servant Protest in Puritan Society," The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 19 (Apr 1962): 201-219.
White, Elizabeth Pearson. John Howland of the Mayflower: The First Five Generations, 2 vols. Camden, Maine: Picton Press, 1990.

New Jersey

Jackson, Ray and Ernie Halsell. A Supplement to a Newman Story, 1600-1995. n.p.: R. Jackson, 1995.
Pomfret, John E. "The Proprietors of the Province of East New Jersey, 1682-1702,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 77, No. 3 (Jul 1953): 251-293.

New York

Bayles, Howard Green and Frederick Phinney Bayles. The Bayles Families of Long Island and New Jersey and Their Descendants: Also the Ancestors of James Bayles and Julia Halsey Day. Houston, Texas: H.G. Bayles, 1944.
"Sir William Johnson," Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online.
Van Rensselaer, Kiliaen. Van Rensselaer Bowier Manuscripts: Being the Letters of Kiliaen Van Rensselaer, 1630-1643, and Other Documents Relating to the Colony of Rensselaerswyck. Albany, New York: University of the State of New York, 1908.

North Carolina

Bassett, John Spencer. "Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North Carolina," Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. 14 (1896).
Gehrke, William H. "The Beginning of the Pennsylvanian-German Element in Rowan and Cabarrus Counties, North Carolina," Penn State 's Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Volume 58, Number 4 (October 1934), 342-369.
Walton, Linda L. Kirkham. A Scott Saga: Descendants of Simon Scott, Kidnapped from Scotland. San Jose, California: L.K. Walton, 1981.

Pennsylvania

"Biography of Thomas A. Hendricks, US Vice President VP," Hendricks Mn.com.
Butterfield, L.H. "Dr. Benjamin Rush's Journal of a Trip to Carlisle in 1784," Penn State 's Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 74, No. 4 (October 1950), 443-456.
Clark, Dennis. "Babes in Bondages: Indentured Irish Children in Philadelphia in the Nineteenth Century,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Oct 1977): 475-486.
Cox, Kenny Ray. Cox Characters: Conclusions to Confusions. Utica, Kentucky: McDowell Publications, 2000.
Geiser, Karl F. "Redemptioners and Indentured Servants in the Colony and Commonwealth of Pennsylvania," Supplement to Yale Review, Vol. 10 (Aug 1901).
Hart, Charles Henry. "Colonel Robert Lettis Hooper, Deputy Quarter-Master-General in the Continental Army and Vice-President of New Jersey," Penn State 's Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 36, No. 1 (January 1912), 60-91.
Hook, James William. Capt. James Hook of Greene County, Pennsylvania. Ann Arbor, Michigan: Edward Brothers, Inc., 1952.
Jackson, I. Ernest and Brenna Lee Hobson Budd, Genealogy of the Jackson Family: Their Legendary History from Eleventh Century in England and the Authentic History of Ephraim Jackson, the First Emigrant to America, 1687, and His Descendants to January 1, 1953: A Survey of the Jacksons and Their Kin in America. San Marcos, California: B.H. Budd, 1995.
Lane, Ralph H. The Scothorn Family. Washington, D.C.: R.H. Lane, 1955.
McAnally, James L. The McAnally Family. Columbia, Tennessee: J.L. McAnally, 1976.
McAnally, Thomas S. The McAnallys: Descendants of Hamilton and Winifred. Nashville, Tennessee: T.S. McAnally, 1988.
Merrill, James H. Into the American Woods: Negotiators on the Pennsylvania Frontier. New York: W.W. Norton & Company, 1999.
Moncure, Sue. "'Souls for Sale,' Memoirs of Early German Immigrants," UDaily, University of Delaware, November 10, 2006.
Pim, William. His Book, 1739-1751, For Recording Assignments of Servants, Etc. Chester County Historical Society, West Chester, Pennsylvania, Microfilm 20994 Item 3, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Salinger, Sharon. “Artisans, Journeymen, and the Transformation of Labor in Late Eighteenth Century Philadelphia,” William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan 1983): 62-84.
Salinger, Sharon V. "To serve well and faithfully," Labor and Indentured Servants in Pennsylvania, 1682-1800. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1987.
Sechrest, Eldric Norman. Musgrave: Northern Ireland to Pennsylvania in 1682. South Pasadena, California: E.N. Sechrest, 2003.
Shartle, Stanley Musgrave. A History of a Quaker Branch of the Musgrave Family of the North of Ireland, Pennsylvania, North Carolina, Illinois, and Elsewhere, with Selected Papers Relating to the Ancient and Landed Musgraves of England. Evansville, Indiana: Evansville Bindery, Inc., 1995.
Smith, Billy G. "Walking Moraley's Streets: Philadelphia," Common-Place: Special Issue: Early Cities of the Americas, Vol. 3, No. 4 (July 2003).
Ward, Matthew C. “An Army of Servants: The Pennsylvania Regiment during the Seven Years’ War,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 119, No. ½ (Jan/Apr 1995): 75-94.
Wilson, John Esq. Docket [of Servant Registrations and Marriages], Buck County, Pennsylvania 1775-1805, Bu 8A, Historical Society of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, Microfilm 387839, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Wulf, Karin. Not All Wives: Women of Colonial Philadelphia. Ithaca, New York: Cornell University Press, 2000.

South Carolina

Bridges, Anne Baker Leland and Roy Williams III. St. James Santee Plantation Parish: History and Records, 1685-1925. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company Publishers, 1997.
Bumpus, Bettie. "Indentured Servants in Colonial South Carolina: Primary and Secondary Sources," Genealogical Journal, Vol 9, No. 1 (Mar 1980): 19-23.
Shatzman, Aaron M. Servants into Planters: The Origin of an American Image: Land Acquisition and Status Mobility in Seventeenth-Century South Carolina. New York: Garland Publishing Inc., 1989.
Smith, Warren B. Smith. White Servitude in Colonial South Carolina. Columbia, South Carolina: University of South Carolina Press, 1961.

Virginia

Ames, Susie M. Ames. County Court Records of Accomack-Northampton, Virginia 1640-1645. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1973. [search restricted to subject index]
"Bacon’s Men in Surrey," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Apr 1898), 368-373.
Bates, Edward Bryant. Brief History of the Goodwin Family of Augusta, Botetourt and Tazewell Counties of Virginia. Bass Lake, California: E. Bates, 198?.
Bean, R. Bennett. The Peopling of Virginia. Boston: Chapman & Grimes, Inc., 1938. [search restricted to subject index]
Bell, Landon C. Charles Parish, York County, Virginia, History and Registers: Births, 1648-1789, Deaths, 1665-1787. 1932; reprint, Richmond: Virginia: Virginia State Library, 1984. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
Bellini, Charles and Thomas Jefferson, “Charles Bellini, First Professor of Modern Languages in an American College,” William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine, 2nd series, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan 1925): 12.
Berkeley, Edmund. "The Diary, Correspondence, and Papers of Robert "King" Carter of Virginia, 1701-1732." [Keyword searched for servant and variants.]
Bockstruck, Lloyd Dewitt. "Passenger Lists of the Ship Charming Mary to Essex County, Virginia," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 26 (1982): 219-220.
Braddy, Edward Boyd. “Servants and Freedmen in Colonial Virginia, 1619 to 1670,” M.A. Thesis, James Madison University, 1997.
Brand, Franklin Marion and John Brand. The Brand Family of Monongalia County, Virginia (now West Virginia). Morgantown, West Virginia: F.M. Brand, 1922.
Breen, T.H., James H. Lewis, and Keith Schlesinger. “Motive for Murder: A Servant’s Life in Virginia, 1678,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan 1983): 106-120.
"Brooke Shields," Wikipedia.
Buck, Rebekah Ann. “The Decline of Indentured Servitude in Seventeenth-Century Tobacco Colonies” M.L.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, 2000.
Cantwell, John A. “Imported Indentured White Servitude in Fairfax and Prince William Counties, 1750-1800,” M.A. Thesis, George Mason University, 1986.
Chalkley, Lyman. Chronicles of the Scotch-Irish Settlement in Virginia, Vols. 1-3. 1912; reprint, Baltimore, 1974.
Chamberlayne, C.G. The Vestry Book and Register of St. Peter’s Parish, New Kent and James City Counties, Virginia, 1684-1786. n.p.: n.p., 1973. [search restricted to subject index]
Collins, Carolyn Huebner. The Wathen Genealogy. South Bend, Indiana: C.H. Collins, 1999.
Costa, Tom. "Virginia Runaways," The Geography of Slavery in Virginia.
Davis, Richard Beale, ed. William Fitzhugh and His Chesapeake World, 1676-1701. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1963.
"Decisions of the General Court," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Jan 1898), 233-241.
Dorman, John Frederick et al. Adventurers of Purse and Person: Virginia, 1607-1624/5, Vol. I-II. 1956; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004-2005.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Deeds and Wills, Vol. 1, 1658-1661. Washington, District of Columbia: J.F. Dorman, 1964.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part One. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1982.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Two 1679-1682. Washington, D.C.: J.F. Dorman, 1983.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Three 1682-1684. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1985.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Four 1684/5-1685/6. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Five 1685/6-1687. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Six 1687-1688/9. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part One 1690/1-1692. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1962.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part Two 1692-1694. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1963.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part Three 1694-1698. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1964.
_____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1698-1705, Part One 1698-1705. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1978.
_____. York County, Virginia Deeds, Orders, Wills, Etc., No. 8, 1687-1691, Part One. Washington, D.C.: J.F. Dorman, 1974.
_____. York County, Virginia Deeds, Orders, Wills, Etc., No. 9, 1691-1694, Part One. Washington, D.C.: J.F. Dorman, 1976.
Dunn, Richard. Warwick County, Virginia Colonial Court Records in Transcription. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2002.
Dyer, G.W. Democracy in the South Before the Civil War. Nashville, Tennessee: Publishing House of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 1905.
Edgerton, Jesse. Edgerton Genealogy, 1762-1927. Wooster, Ohio: n.p., 1927.
Gianniny, O. Allan and Robert Lewis Giannini. The Giannini's of Virginia, 3rd ed. Charlottesville, Virginia: n.p., 1999.
Gill, Harold B. "Apprentices from Christ's Hospital Make Good in America," Colonial Williamsburg: The Journal of the Colonial Williamsburg Foundation (Autumn 1998): 15-18.
Greene, Jack P. The Diary of Colonel Landon Carter of Sabine Hall, 1752-1778. Charlottesville, Virginia: Virginia Historical Society, 1965.
Handy, Isaac W.K. Annals and Memorials of the Handys and Their Kindred . Ann Arbor, Michigan: William L. Clements Library, 1992.
Haun, Weynette Parks. Surry County, Virginia Court Records (Deed Book I) 1664 thru 1671, Book II. Durham, North Carolina: W.P. Haun, 1987.
_____. Surry County, Virginia Court Records 1672-1682, Book III. Durham, North Carolina: W.P. Haun, 1989. [search restricted to subject index]
Jeffery, Jill Nock. "'More Like a Monster Than a Man,' The Case of Henry Smith and the Accomack Court," DelmarvaSettlers.org.
Jones, Natasha. "Richard Chambers," DelmarvaSettlers.org.
Jones, W. Mac. The Douglas Register: Being a Detailed Record of Births, Marriages and Deaths Together with Other Interesting Notes, As Kept by the Rev. William Douglas, from 1750 to 1797 [Virginia]. Richmond, Virignia: J.W. Fergusson & Sons, 1928.
King, George Harrison Sanford. The Registers of North Farnham Parish, 1663-1814 and Lunenburg Parish, 1783-1800, Richmond County, Virginia. Fredericksburg, Virginia: G.H.S. King, 1966. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
_____. The Register of Overwharton Parish, Stafford County, Virginia 1723-1758 and Sundry Historical and Genealogical Notes. Fredericksburg, Virginia: G.H.S. King, 1961. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
_____. The Register of Saint Paul's Parish 1715-1798, Stafford County, Virginia 1715-1776, King George County, Virginia 1777-1798. Fredericksburg, Virginia: George Harrison Sanford King, 1960. [searched burials/deaths only]
Little, Barbara Vines. Orange County, Virginia, Tithables: 1734-1782, Part One. Orange, Virginia: Dominion Market Research Corporation, 1988.
_____. Orange County, Virginia, Tithables: 1734-1782, Part Two. Orange, Virginia: Dominion Market Research Corporation, 1988.
McKey, JoAnn Riley. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1663-1666, Vol. I. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1666-1670, Vol. II. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1671-1673, Vol. III. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1673-1676, Vol. IV. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1676-1678, Vol. V. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1997.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1678-1682, Vol. VI. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1682-1690, Vol. VII. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1996.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1690-1697, Vol. VIII. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1999.
_____. Accomack County, Virginia Court Order Abstracts, 1697-1703, Vol. IX. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, Inc., 1999.
Matheny, Emma Robertson et al. Kingston Parish Register, Gloucester and Mathews Counties, 1749-1827 (Richmond, Virginia: E.R. Matheny and H.K. Yates, 1963).
Mears, Robert L. "Henry Smith: The Eastern Shore's Meanest Man."
Miller, Lynne D. North Carolina Ballards Revised. Lincolnton, North Carolina: L.D. Miller, 1998.
Morton, Louis and Robert Carter. Robert Carter of Nomini Hall: A Virginia Tobacco Planter of the Eighteenth Century. Williamsburg, Virginia: Colonial Williamsburg, 1941.
Murphy, Nathan W. "Cornelius McDermott Roe: Indentured Servant of George Washington," National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 97, No. 2 (Jun 2007).
_____. "Gateway to Europe: The Immigrant Servants Database," Virginia Genealogical Society Newsletter, Vol. XXXIII (2007).
Perry, James R. The Formation of a Society on Virginia’s Eastern Shore, 1615-1655. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1990. [search restricted to subject index]
Probing the Past: Virginia and Maryland Probate Inventories, 1740-1810. [keyword search for "serv," "serve," and "servant."]
Ransome, David R. “Wives for Virginia, 1621,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 48, No. 1 (Jan 1991): 3-18.
Register of Abingdon Parish, Gloucester County, Virginia, 1678-1761, Microfilm 30159, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
Register of Bristol Parish, Prince George and Dinwiddie Counties, Virginia, Microfilm 30625, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
Rhys, Isaac. The Transformation of Virginia 1740-1790. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: The University of North Carolina Press, 1982. [search restricted to subject index]
Richards, Gertrude R.B. Register of Albemarle Parish, Surry and Sussex Counties [Virginia], 1739-1778. Richmond, Virginia: National Society Colonial Dames of America in the Commonwealth, 1958. [search restricted to burials/deaths]
Rigby, Henry W. Early Spencers of Virginia. Charlotte, North Carolina: H.W. Rigby, 1986.
Salmon, Emily J. and Edward D. C. Campbell Jr. The Hornbook of Virginia History: A Ready-Reference Guide to the Old Dominion's People, Places, and Past. Richmond: The Library of Virginia, 1994
Sansone, Tina. "Indentured Servants," Bella Online: The Voice of Women.
“Some Soldiers in the French and Indian War, 1756-1757,” The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 7, No. 1 (Jan-Mar 1963): 36.
Sparacio, Ruth and Sam Sparacio. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1656-1661. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1993.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1662-1666. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1993.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1666-1669. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1993.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1674-1678. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998. [incomplete]
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1678-1681. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1993.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1682-1687 . McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1687-1691. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1691-1695. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1695-1699 . McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Lancaster County, Virginia, 1696-1702. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1673-1678. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1989.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1677-1680. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1989.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1680-1686. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1989.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1686-1690. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1690-1694. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Middlesex County, Virginia, 1697-1700. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995. [search restricted to subject index]
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia, 1652-1657, Vol. I. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia, 1657-1661, Vol. II. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia, 1661-1665, Vol. III. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1994.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia 1665-1669, Vol. IV. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia 1669-1673, Vol. V. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1995.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia 1674-1677, Vol. VI. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Northumberland County, Virginia 1677-1679, Vol. VII. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1998.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of (Old) Rappahannock County, Virginia 1683-1685. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1990.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Richmond County, Virginia 1692-1694. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1991.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Richmond County, Virginia 1694-1697. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1991.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Richmond County, Virginia 1697-1699. McLean, Virginia: The Antient Press, 1991.
Snelgrove, Price Charles. Freeman Snelgrove and Some of His Descendants. Alford, Florida: P.C. Snelgrove, 1993.
Stanard, Mary Newton. Colonial Virginia: Its People and Customs . Detroit: Singing Tree Press, 1970.
Stanton, Lucia C. "Indentured Servants at Monticello." Unpublished paper prepared for Jefferson Library Research Desk, 2005.
Sweig, Donald. “White Indentured Servitude in Fairfax County: New Evidence is Discovered,” Fairfax Chronicles, Vol. 2, No. 2 (Spring 1978): 1-2, 4.
Thompson, Mary V. "A Compendium of Hired and Indentured Laborers at George Washington's Mount Vernon." Unpublished paper prepared for the Mount Vernon Ladies' Association, 10/16/2003-10/6/2006.
Turner, Florence Kimberly. Gateway to the New World: A History of Princess Anne County, Virginia 1607-1824. Easley, South Carolina: Southern Historical Press, Inc., 1984. [Search limited to Chapter 4: Indentured Servants and Slaves.]
The Vain Prodigal Life, and Tragical Penitent Death of Thomas Hellier Born at Whitchurch near Lyme in DORSET-SHIRE: Who for Murdering his Master, Mistress, and a Maid, was Executed according to Law at Westover in Charles City, in the Country of Virginia, neer the Plantation called Hard Labour, where he perpetrated the said Murders. He Suffer'd on Munday the 5th of August, 1678. And was after Hanged up in Chains at Windmill-Point on James River... (London, 1680). [reproduced in full in Breen’s article.]
Vogt, John. Register for Bruton Parish, Virginia, 1662-1797. Athens, Georgia: New Papyrus Co., 2004.
Walczyk, Frank V. Northampton/Accomacke [Counties, Virginia] Orders, Deeds and Wills, Book 1, 1632-1640. Coram, New York: Peters Row, 2003.
_____. Northampton County, Virginia Orders & Wills 1678-1683. Coram, New York: Peter’s Row, 2002.
_____. Northampton County, Virginia Orders & Wills 1683-1689, Vol. I 1683-1686. Coram, New York: Peter’s Row, 2001. [Search limited to subject index.]
_____. Northampton County, Virginia Orders & Wills 1694-1698, Vol. II 1694-1698. Coram, New York: Peter’s Row, 2000. [Search limited to subject index.]
_____. Northumberland County Record Book 1652-1658. Coram, New York: Peter’s Row, 2002.
Weaver, Glenn. The Italian Presence in Colonial Virginia. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1988.
Weisiger, Benjamin B. York County, Virginia Records 1659-1662. n.p.: n.p., 1989.
_____. York County, Virginia Records 1665-1672. n.p.: n.p.: 1987.
_____. York County, Virginia Records 1672-1676. n.p.: n.p.: 1991.
Yurechko, John Otto. Christ Church Parish Register Middlesex County, Virginia: 1653-1812. Westminster, Maryland: Family Line Publications, 1996.

West Indies

Beckles, Hilary McD. "A 'riotous and unruly lot:' Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies, 1644-1713," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct 1990): 503-522.
____. "Plantation Production and White 'Proto-Slavery:' White Indentured Servants and the Colonisation of the English West Indies, 1624-1645," The Americas, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Jan 1985): 21-45.
____. White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados, 1627-1715. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1989.
Kent, David L. Barbados and America. Arlington, Virginia: C.M. Kent, 1980. [search restricted to parish register burials]
Oliver, Vere Langford. Caribbeana, Being Miscellaneous Papers Relating to the History, Genealogy, Topography, and Antiquities of the British West Indies, Vol. II. London: Mitchell Hughes and Clarke, 1912. [Added all non-military titled men from 1678 Montserrat Census]
Pulsipher, Lydia M.“Galways Plantation, Montserrat,” in Herman J. Viola and Carolyn Margolis, Seeds of Change: A Quincentennial Celebration. Washington: Smithsonian Institution Press, 1991, 138-159.

Europe

General

Hancock, David. Citizens of the World: London Merchants and the Integration of the British Atlantic Community, 1735-1785. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1995.
Harrower, John and E.M. Riley, ed. The Journal of John Harrower, An Indentured Servant in the Colony of Virginia, 1773-1776. Williamsburg, Virginia: Distributed by Holt, Rinehart and Winston, New York, 1963.

England

"A Sentence of Indenture, 1775," The Illinois Labor History Society, accessed 13 May 2007.
Apprenticeship Indentures, Reference DC/LR/M/9, Lyme Regis Borough, Dorset Record Office, Dorchester, England.
Bundle of Overseers' Papers, Brockenhurst Parish, Hampshire, England, 4M81/PO32/17, Hampshire Record Office, Winchester, England.
French, Elizabeth. “List of Emigrants to America from Liverpool,” The New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vols. 64-65 (1910-1911).
Galenson, David. “Agreements to Serve in America and the West Indies, 1727-31,” Genealogists Magazine (London), Vol. 19, No. 2 (Jun 1977): 40-44.
Grant, Alison. “Emigration from Devon in the Seventeenth Century,” Michael Duffy et al, The New Maritime History of Devon, Volume I: From Early Times to the Late Eighteenth Century. London: Conway Maritime Press Ltd, 1992.
Hockedy, Doreen M. "Bound for a New World: Emigration of Indentured Servants Via Liverpool to America and the West Indies, 1697-1707," Historic Society of Lancashire & Cheshire, Vol. 144 (1994).
Murphy, Nathan W. “Devon’s Supply of Indentured Servants: 1655-1660,” M.A. Dissertation, University of Leicester, 2005.
_____. "Devon's Supply of North American and Caribbean Indentured Servants: 1655-1660," Genealogists' Magazine, Vol. 29, No. 1 (Mar 2007): 3-12.
Salerno, Anthony. “The Character of Emigration from Wiltshire to the American Colonies, 1630-1660,” Ph.D. Dissertation, University of Virginia, 1977.
_____. “The Social Background of Seventeenth-Century Emigration to America,” Journal of British Studies, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Autumn 1979), 31-52.
Whaite, Joy. From Little Dean to Enoggera. Bellangry, Australia: J.L. Whaite, 1994.

France

Choquette, Leslie. Frenchmen into Peasants: Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French Canada. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997.

Germany

Ireland

Griffin, Patrick. The People with No Name: Ireland’s Ulster Scots, America’s Scots Irish, and the Creation of a British Atlantic World, 1689-1764. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 2001.
Kaufmann, Paulette Clark. "David Selleck, of Somerset, England, and of Massachusetts and Virginia: Soap Maker and Merchant Trader," The Genealogist, Vol. 19, No. 1 (Spring 2005): 3-40.
Kelly, Gerry. Irish Slavery in America, The Gerry Tobin Irish Language School.

Italy

Bellini, Charles and Thomas Jefferson, “Charles Bellini, First Professor of Modern Languages in an American College,” William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine, 2nd series, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan 1925): 12.
Gianniny, O. Allan and Robert Lewis Giannini. The Giannini's of Virginia, 3rd ed. Charlottesville, Virginia: n.p., 1999.
Weaver, Glenn. The Italian Presence in Colonial Virginia. New York: Center for Migration Studies, 1988.

Scotland

Hinchliff, Helen. "A Castle on a Hill? Edwards Lore, Empirical Evidence, and the Real Helen Law of Aberdeen, Scotland," National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 89, No. 1 (March 2001): 29-50.
Rinn, Jacqueline A. “Scots in Bondage: Forgotten Contributors to Colonial Society,” History Today, Vol. 30 (July 1980): 16-21.

Sweden

Springer, Courtland B. and Carl Christopherson Springer, Charles Christopher Springer's Letter to His Mother. n.p.: n.p., 1949, Microfilm 2055165 Item 6, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.

Wales

Bachymbyd, Item 508, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales.
Davies, Gareth Alban. “Y Parch. David Evans, Pencader – Ymfudwr Cynnar I Pennsylvania,” National Library of Wales Journal, Vol 14 (1965-1966): 85-92.
Schlenther, Boyd Stanley, "The English is Swallowing up Their Language": Welsh Ethnic Ambivalence in Colonial Pennsylvania and the Experience of David Evans Penn State 's Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography. Vol. 114, No. 2 (April 1, 1990), 201-228.

Alphabetical Arrangement

Immigrant servants identified in some of the following sources have been added to the database.

... A List of "Entries of Servants Imported in this Province and Purchased by the Inhabitants of this Township, 1736-1746," Chester County, Pennsylvania, Microfilm, Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
"A Sentence of Indenture, 1775," The Illinois Labor History Society, accessed 13 May 2007.
Abbott, Grace. The Child and the State. Chicago, 1938.
Alderman, Clifford Lindsey. Colonists for Sale: The Story of Indentured Servants in America. New York: MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc., 1975.
Alexander, James Hamilton. “White Indentured Servitude [Microform]: An American Economic Experience, Ph.D. Thesis, University of Houston, 1970.
Ames, Susie M. Ames. County Court Records of Accomack-Northampton, Virginia 1640-1645. Charlottesville, Virginia: The University Press of Virginia, 1973. [searched subject index only]
Andreson, Virginia Dejohn. "Migrants and Motives: Religion and the Settlement of New England, 1630-1640," The New England Quarterly, Vol. 58, No. 3 (Sep 1985): 339-383.
Annesley, James. Memoirs of an Unfortunate Young Nobleman, Returned from Thirteen Years' Slavery in America: A Story Founded and Addressed Equally to the Head and Heart. London: Freeman, 1763.
Apprenticeship Indentures, Reference DC/LR/M/9, Lyme Regis Borough, Dorset Record Office, Dorchester, England.
Ashbridge, Elizabeth (1713-1755). “Some Account of the Forepart of the Life of Elizabeth Ashbridge: of Chester County in the Province of Pennsylvania Who Died in Truth’s Service at the House of Robert Lecky at Killnock in the Colony Carlow, Ireland, 16, 5th Month, 1775 [i.e. 1755], [17--?].” n.p.: n.p., n.d.
Aubin, Penelope. The life of Charlotta Du Pont, an English Lady; taken from her own memoirs, Giving a Account how she was trepann’d by her step-mother to Virginia… London, 1739.
Bachymbyd, Item 508, National Library of Wales, Aberystwyth, Wales.
"Bacon’s Men in Surrey," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 5, No. 4 (Apr 1898), 368-373.
Bagley, J. J. and F. Tyrer, eds., The Great Diurnall of Nicholas Blundell, 1702-1711. Royal Society of Lancashire and Cheshire, 1968.
Bailyn, Bernard. Atlantic History: Concept and Contours. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 2005.
____. Voyagers to the West: A Passage in the Peopling of America on the Eve of the Revolution. New York: Alfred A. Knopf, 1986.
Ballagh, James Curtis. White Servitude in the Colony of Virginia. Baltimore: Johns Hopkins Studies, 1895.
Banks, Charles E. "Scotch Prisoners Deported to New England by Cromwell, 1651-52," The Essex Genealogist, Vol. 6, No. 1 (1986): 9-15.
Banks, Edward. The Planters of the Commonwealth ... 1620-1640. Boston, n.p., 1930.
Barnes, Robert W. Baltimore County Families, 1659-1759. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1989.
_____. British Roots of Maryland Families. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., Inc., 1999.
Barrett, Helen L. Three Hundred Years of Covells: Nathaniel Covell, 1633-1685, Sarah, His Wife, 1644-1715. Kent, Ohio: H.L. Barrett, 198?.
Bartsch, Donna. “Social and Economic Mobility of Servants and Gentlemen in Massachusetts Bay as Visible in Costume,” M.A. Thesis, University of Connecticut, 1988).
Bassett, John Spencer. "Slavery and Servitude in the Colony of North Carolina," Johns Hopkins University Studies, Vol. 14 (1896).
Bates, Edward Bryant. Brief History of the Goodwin Family of Augusta, Botetourt and Tazewell Counties of Virginia. Bass Lake, California: E. Bates, 198?.
Bayles, Howard Green and Frederick Phinney Bayles. The Bayles Families of Long Island and New Jersey and Their Descendants: Also the Ancestors of James Bayles and Julia Halsey Day. Houston, Texas: H.G. Bayles, 1944.
Bean, R. Bennett. The Peopling of Virginia. Boston: Chapman & Grimes, Inc., 1938. [search restricted to subject index]
Beattie, J.M. Crime and the Courts in England 1660-1800. Princeton, New Jersey: Princeton University Press, 1986.
Beckles, Hilary McD. "A 'riotous and unruly lot:' Irish Indentured Servants and Freemen in the English West Indies, 1644-1713," William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 47, No. 4 (Oct 1990): 503-522.
____. "Plantation Production and White 'Proto-Slavery:' White Indentured Servants and the Colonisation of the English West Indies, 1624-1645," The Americas, Vol. 41, No. 3 (Jan 1985): 21-45.
____. “White Labour in Black Slave Population Society and Economy: A Case Study of Indentured Labour in Seventeenth Century Barbados,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Hull, 1980.
____. White Servitude and Black Slavery in Barbados, 1627-1715. Knoxville: The University of Tennessee Press, 1989.
Beeman, Richard R. The Evolution of the Southern Backcountry: A Case Study of Lunenburg County, Virginia 1746-1832. Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press, 1984.
Beiler, Rosalind J. "German-Speaking Immigrants in the British Atlantic World, 1680-1730," Organization of American Historians Magazine of History, Vol. 18, No. 3 (Apr 2004).
Bell, Landon C. Charles Parish, York County, Virginia, History and Registers: Births, 1648-1789, Deaths, 1665-1787. 1932; reprint, Richmond: Virginia: Virginia State Library, 1984. [searched burials/deaths only]
____. Cumberland Parish, Lunenburg County, Virginia, 1746-1816, Vestry Book, 1746-1816. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1974.
Bellini, Charles and Thomas Jefferson, “Charles Bellini, First Professor of Modern Languages in an American College,” William and Mary Quarterly Historical Magazine, 2nd series, Vol. 5, No. 1 (Jan 1925): 12.
Bellis, Mary. "Benjamin Banneker (1731-1806)."
Berkeley, Edmund. "The Diary, Correspondence, and Papers of Robert "King" Carter of Virginia, 1701-1732." [Keyword searched for servant and variants.]
Berlin, Ira. “Time, Space, and the Evolution of Afro-American Society on British Mainland North America,” The American Historical Review, Vol. 85, No. 1 (Feb 1980), pp. 44-78.
Biehl, Katharine L. "The Indentured Servant in Colonial America." The Social Studies, Vol. 36 (January 1945): 316– 319.
Billings, Warren M. The Old Dominion in the Seventeenth Century: A Documentary History of Virginia, 1606-1689. Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 1975.
Bingham, Barbara. Colonists in Bondage, Indentured Servants in America. 1979. Available at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Bingham, Shirley. “Indentured Servitude in New Netherland and Colonial New York,” M.A. Thesis, University of Washington.
"Biography for James Earl Jones," Earth's Biggest Movie Database.
"Biography of Thomas A. Hendricks, US Vice President VP," Hendricks Mn.com.
Bockstruck, Lloyd Dewitt. "Passenger Lists of the Ship Charming Mary to Essex County, Virginia," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 26 (1982): 219-220.
_____. "Some Immigrants to Middlesex County in the Colony of Virginia, 1674-1702," The Virginia Genealogist, Vol. 25, No. 1 (Jan-Mar 1981): 15-22; Vol. 25, No. 2 (Apr-Jun 1981): 92-97.
Bogen, David S. "Mathius de Sousa; Maryland's First Colonist of African Descent," Maryland Historical Magazine, Vol. 96, No. 1 (Spring 2001): 68-85.
Bontempo, Lydia Sparacio, Ruth Trickey Sparacio, and Sam Sparacio. Order Book Abstracts of Fairfax County, Virginia, 1768-1769, Vol. I. McLean, Virginia: Antient Press, 2001.
_____. Order Book Abstracts of Fairfax County, Virginia, 1769-1770, Vol. II. McLean, Virginia: Antient Press, 2001.
Braddy, Edward Boyd. “Servants and Freedmen in Colonial Virginia, 1619 to 1670,” M.A. Thesis, James Madison University, 1997.
Brand, Franklin Marion and John Brand. The Brand Family of Monongalia County, Virginia (now West Virginia). Morgantown, West Virginia: F.M. Brand, 1922.
Breen, T.H., James H. Lewis, and Keith Schlesinger. “Motive for Murder: A Servant’s Life in Virginia, 1678,” The William and Mary Quarterly, 3rd Ser., Vol. 40, No. 1 (Jan 1983): 106-120.
Bridges, Anne Baker Leland and Roy Williams III. St. James Santee Plantation Parish: History and Records, 1685-1925. Spartanburg: The Reprint Company Publishers, 1997.
"Brooke Shields," Wikipedia.
Brown, Kathleen M. Good Wives, Nasty Winches, and Anxious Patriarchs: Gender, Race, and Power in Colonial Virginia. Chapel Hill, North Carolina: University of North Carolina Press, 1996.
Bruce, Philip Alexander. Economic History of Virginia in the Seventeenth Century: An Inquiry into the Material Condition of the People, Based upon Original and Contemporaneous Records. New York: Macmillan and Co., 1896.
Buck, Rebekah Ann. “The Decline of Indentured Servitude in Seventeenth-Century Tobacco Colonies” M.L.S. Thesis, University of Oklahoma, 2000.
Buckley, Kenneth Welch. The Descendants of Butler Buckley and Elizabeth Story, 1710-1994. Baltimore: Gateway Press, 1995.
Bumpus, Bettie. "Indentured Servants in Colonial South Carolina: Primary and Secondary Sources," Genealogical Journal, Vol 9, No. 1 (Mar 1980): 19-23.
Bundle of Overseers' Papers, Brockenhurst Parish, Hampshire, England, 4M81/PO32/17, Hampshire Record Office, Winchester, England.
Bundy, Wilson Woodrow. The Roots and Shoots of Will and Dell Bundy ... Ford, Washington: W.H. Bundy Family, 1990.
Butler, James Davie. "British Convicts Shipped to American Colonies," American Historical Review, Vol. 2 (October 1896): 12-33.
Butterfield, L.H. "Dr. Benjamin Rush's Journal of a Trip to Carlisle in 1784," Penn State 's Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 74, No. 4 (October 1950), 443-456.
Campbell, Daniel R. “Origins of the American Indenture Contract and the Role of Labor in Virginia 1606-1619,” M.A. Thesis, University of South Florida, 1982.
Cantwell, John A. “Imported Indentured White Servitude in Fairfax and Prince William Counties, 1750-1800,” M.A. Thesis, George Mason University, 1986.
_____. "Northern Virginia Indentured Servants: A Sampling," Northern Virginia Heritage (Oct 1987).
Carr, Lois Green. “Dr. Lois Green Carr's Biographical Files of 17th and 18th Century Marylanders.”
Carr, Lois Green and Russell Menard. "Immigration and Opportunity: The Freedman in Early Colonial Maryland," in in Thad W. Tate and David Ammerman, eds., The Chesapeake in the Seventeenth Century: Essays on Anglo-American Society. New York: W.W. Norton & Co., 1979.
Ceppi, Elisabeth Ann. “Unnatural Bonds: Servitude, Rank, and the Family Covenant in Early American Culture, 1662-1790,” Ph.D. Thesis, University of Chicago, Dept. of English Language and Literature, 2000.
Chamberlayne, C.G. The Vestry Book and Register of Bristol Parish, 1720-1789. Greenville, South Carolina: Southern Historical Press, 1994.
____. The Vestry Book and Register of St. Peter’s Parish, New Kent and James City Counties, Virginia, 1684-1786. n.p.: n.p., 1973. [only the subject index was consulted]
Choquette, Leslie. Frenchmen into Peasants: Modernity and Tradition in the Peopling of French Canada. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University Press, 1997.
Cichanski, Debra Valentine. Indentured Servants in Colonial America. 1988. Available at the Historical Society of Pennsylvania.
Clark, Dennis. "Babes in Bondages: Indentured Irish Children in Philadelphia in the Nineteenth Century,” Penn State’s Pennsylvania Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 101, No. 4 (Oct 1977): 475-486.
_____. The Irish in Philadelphia: Ten Generations of Urban Experience. Philadelphia, 1973.
Clark, Peter and David Souden, "Rogues, Whores and Vagabonds? Indentured Servant Emigration to North America and the Case of Mid-seventeenth-century Bristol," in Migration and Society in Early Modern England. New Jersey: Barnes & Noble Books, 1988.
Cliff, Penelope D. “The Legal and Social Status of Indentured Servants in Colonial Virginia,” M.A. Thesis, Georgia College & State University, 2002.
Coad, John. A Memorandum of the Worderful Providences of God to a Poor Unworthy Creature during the Time of the Duke of Monmouth's Rebellion and the Revolution of 1688, by John Coad, One of the Sufferers. London: Longman, Brown, Green & Longmans, 1849.
Coldham, Peter Wilson. Bonded Passengers to America, vols. 1-9. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1983.
____. The Bristol Registers of Servants Sent to Foreign Plantations, 1654-1686. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988.
____. Child Apprentices in America from Christ's Hospital, London, 1617-1778. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1990.
____. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1661-1699. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1990.
____. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1700-1750. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1992.
____. The Complete Book of Emigrants, 1773-1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988.
____. Emigrants from England to the American Colonies, 1773-1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1988.
____. Emigrants in Chains: A Social History of Forced Emigration to the Americas of Felons, Destitute Children, Political and Religious Non-Conformists, Vagabonds, Beggars and Other Desirables, 1607-1776. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1992.
____. "List of Convicts, 1748," National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 60, No. 4 (Dec 1972): 256-257.
____. Lord Mayor's Court of London: Depositions Relating to Americans, 1641-1736 . Washington, D.C.: National Genealogical Society, 1980.
____. “Scottish Rebels Transported to Maryland, 1747,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 63, No. 2 (Jun 1975): 137-138.
____. “Some Emigrants to Georgia, 1774-1775,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 66, No. 2 (Jun 1978): 117-118.
____. “Some Passenger Lists of 1677,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 64, No. 3 (Sep 1976): 216-218.
____. “Some Scottish Emigrants, 1771-1774,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 61, No. 4 (Dec 1973): 262-263.
____. “The ‘Spiriting’ of London Children to Virginia, 1648-1685,” Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 83, No. 3 (Jul 1975): 280-287.
____. “Transportees from the London Workhouse, 1703,” National Genealogical Society Quarterly, Vol. 74, No. 4 (Dec 1986): 290.
____. “The Voyage of the Neptune to Virginia, 1618-1619, and the Disposition of Its Cargo,” The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 87, No. 1 (Jan 1979): 30-67.
Collins, Carolyn Huebner. The Wathen Genealogy. South Bend, Indiana: C.H. Collins, 1999.
Cook, Margaret Celeste. “Servitude in Massachusetts as Revealed in Two Boston Newspapers, 1751-1763,” M.A. Thesis, College of William and Mary.
Coombs, John C. “Building ‘the Machine:’ the Development of Slavery and Slave Society in Early Colonial Virginia,” Ph.D. Thesis, College of William and Mary, 2003.
County of Chester, Pa., "Chester County Archives: Indentured Servant and Apprenticeship Records, 1700-1855."
Costa, Tom. "Virginia Runaways," The Geography of Slavery in Virginia.
Cox, Kenny Ray. Cox Characters: Conclusions to Confusions. Utica, Kentucky: McDowell Publications, 2000.
Cox, Richard J. "Maryland Runaway Convict Servants," National Genealogical Society Quarterly 62-69 (1980-1981).
Coyle, Betty Wade Wyatt. “The Treatment of Servants and Slaves in Colonial Virginia,” M.A. Thesis, College of William and Mary.
Craven, Wesley Frank. White, Red and Black: The Seventeenth Century Virginian. Charlottesville: University Press of Virginia, 1971.
Cumberland County Historical Society, The Cumberland Courier [Order Books of Cumberland County, Virginia, 1788-1792]. Cumberland, Virginia: Cumberland County Historical Society, 1997.
Currer-Briggs, Noel. "Indentured Servants from Bristol to America: 1654-1686," Genealogical Journal, Vol. 7, No. 3 (Sep 1978): 115-131, Vol. 7, No. 4 (Dec 1978): 190-201, and Vol. 8, No. 1 (Mar 1979): 24-33.
Davenport, Florence Springer. "Springer and Related Family Genealogical Collection," Microfilm 2055165 Item 5, Family History Library, Salt Lake City, Utah.
Davies, Gareth Alban. “Y Parch. David Evans, Pencader – Ymfudwr Cynnar I Pennsylvania,” National Library of Wales Journal, Vol 14 (1965-1966): 85-92.
Davis, John David. Frederick County, Virginia, Minutes of Court Records, 1743-1745. Bowie, Maryland: Heritage Books, 2001.
Davis, Richard Beale, ed. William Fitzhugh and His Chesapeake World, 1676-1701. Chapel Hill: The University of North Carolina Press, 1963.
Day, Maria A. "Mathias de Sousa, MSA SC 3520-2810."
"Decisions of the General Court," The Virginia Magazine of History and Biography, Vol. 5, No. 3 (Jan 1898), 233-241.
Delorey, Janet Ireland Delorey. "Robert Rogers, 'A Cheddar Man,' of Newbury, Massachusetts," New England Historical and Genealogical Register, Vol. 140 (Jul 1986): 203-210.
De Ortiz, Anne Pfaelzer. "German Redemptioners of the Lower Sort: Apolitical Soldiers in the American Revolution?," Journal of American Studies, Vol. 33 (1999): 267-306.
Diffenderffer, Frank F. German Immigration into Pennsylvania through the Port of Pennsylvania from 1700 to 1775, and the Redemptioners. 1900; reprint, Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 1977.
Donson, Gladys and Lawrence F. Athy. The Thomas Flora Family of London, Maryland & Virginia. Houston, Texas: Donath Publishing, 1995.
Dorman, John Frederick. Adventurers of Purse and Person: Virginia, 1607-1624/5, 3 vols. Baltimore: Genealogical Publishing Co., 2004-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1732-1740, Vol. I. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1740-1746, Vol. II. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1740-1746, Vol. III. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1740-1746, Vol. IV. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1746-1754, Vol. V . Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1746-1754, Vol. VI. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1746-1754, Vol. VII. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1746-1754, Vol. VIII. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1755-1758, Vol. IX. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1755-1758, Vol. X . Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1759-1763, Vols. XI-XIII. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1759-1765, Vol. XIV-XVI. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1765-1767, Vol. XVII-XVIII. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1765-1767, Vol. XIX. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Caroline County, Virginia, Order Books, 1767-1770, Vol. XX-XXI. Washington, District of Columbia, J.F. Dorman, 1965-.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Deeds and Wills, Vol. 1, 1658-1661. Washington, District of Columbia: J.F. Dorman, 1964.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part One. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1982.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Two 1679-1682. Washington, D.C.: J.F. Dorman, 1983.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Three 1682-1684. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1985.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Four 1684/5-1685/6. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Five 1685/6-1687. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1675/6-1688/9, Part Six 1687-1688/9. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1988.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part One 1690/1-1692. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1962.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part Two 1692-1694. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1963.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1690-1698, Part Three 1694-1698. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1964.
____. Westmoreland County, Virginia Order Book 1698-1705, Part One 1698-1705. Washington, D.C.: John Frederick Dorman, 1978.
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